Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts Essay -- essays research papers

Assignment III-B: Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts. In Belgium there is a different post mortem organ donation law than in The Netherlands, although they both have the same main purpose: they seek to increase the supply of donors. In Belgium it is presumed that each citizen has consented to the harvest of organs following death unless an objection to such a harvest was recorded, an opt-out system. Belgium combines presumed consent with a practice of inquiring into the wishes of the next of kin. One advantage of presumed consent is that there is no need to refer to drivers’ licenses or donor cards, which may not be carried at the relevant time. Another is that distraught family members do not need to make a positive decision to approve harvest. The patient has been able to record their objection, if any, during their lifetime, so the decision to do so will have rested with them and doctors are spared the difficult task of asking for consent. The decision whether or not to object was that of the patient made in a reasoned manner and cannot be overturned by family (1). In The Netherlands each citizen is given the opportunity to indicate whether or not they are willing to donate their organs in the event of their death, or whether they would prefer to leave the decision to their relatives, a full decision system. General consent may be given for the removal of organs and tissues, or one may withhold consent in relation to certain parts of the body. The Organ Donation Ac...

Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra

INTRO Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut caves of both these sites are world famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B. C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad; a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, `each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms.Al these have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves have the most exquisite detailed carvings on the walls, pillars and entrances as well as magnificent wall paintings. CONCLUSION In their range of time and treatments they provide a panorama of life in ancient India and are a source of all kinds of information†¦ air styles, ornaments, textiles, musical instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of classical Indian art that a particular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many parts of the world. Similar paintings can be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage made Ajanta possible. Professional artists carried out much of the work and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this monumental work.Visitors often ask how the artist who painted the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the dark interiors of the caves. It has been noticed that the caves are illuminated by natural light for part of the day and it is presumed that metal mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the inner recesses. PG1 The Ajanta Caves (Aji ha leni; Marathi: ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (20 °31? 56? N 75 °44? 44? E).Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi – Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India); and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers). They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves vary from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta consist of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument halls cut into the mountains in two phases. The monasteries are of various sizes the tallest being of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist teachings. They are mostly square shaped and projects didactic, devotional, and ornamental paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gautam Buddha, contemporary people, kings, slaves, flowers, plants, fruits, birds and beasts. There are also the figures of yakshas, kinneras (half human and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in several wall paintings and sculptures and also art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The 1st, 2nd, 16th and 17th caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First period This is a Buddhist community, comprising five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A first group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC: the chaitya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one: piers separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE – c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. [5] Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. [edit]Second period A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves' second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign o f Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas: monasteries with a sanctuary in the structure's rear centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. edit]Rediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collect ed over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since per ished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends.The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways: a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the ‘dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the ri ght walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. [edit]The facadeCave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the [edit]The porch The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously â€Å"wasted areas† were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beau ty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha's life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porch's rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. [edit]The hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. [edit]The paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 CAVE 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary excavation of pillared verandah exist. CAVE 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah and is datable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the largest monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door frame is exquisitely sculpted flanking to the right is carved Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight Great Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall preserves a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5,6,7-PG12,13 CAVE 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfinished one. However, the richly carved door frame, and female figures on makaras are important ones. CAVE 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, subsidiary cells and sanctum sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in both the shrines. The depiction of Miracle of Sravasti and Temptation of Mara are the imp ortant paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various attitudes and postures can also be noticed here. CAVE 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an oblong open hall with two small porticos supported by heavy octagonal pillars and eight cells. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. Other sculptural panels include Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha under the protection of Nagamuchalinda, etc.CAVE8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 CAVE 8 This is an unfinished monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the lowest level and perhaps earliest among the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept away by a landslide. CAVE 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, central hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on either side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa , the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inward tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fixing wooden beams ; rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during later period also as indicated by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. Inside the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dating back to the second half of 1st century B. C. and the alter to 5th – 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 – One of the earliest prayer hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let softly diffused sunlight in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. CAVE 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British Army Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the view point which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi inscription on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads ‘Vasithiputa Katahadiâ₠¬â„¢. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier dated to 2nd century B. C and the later 4th – 6th century A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The later period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 – Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. CAVE 11,12,13,14-PG 15, CAVE 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared verandah with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available h ere depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. CAVE 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by twelve cells arranged on three sides. An inscription on the back wall of the monastery records the gift of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically datable to 2nd – 1st century B. C. erhaps slightly later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated with chaitya window motifs above the door opening. CAVE 13 This is a small monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an astylar hall with seven cells on three sides. The cells are provided with rock-cut beds. CAVE 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was originally planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is beautifully depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar ha ll with eight cells, an antechamber, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings indicate that it was originally painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the excavations at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on three sides. The front wall had an inscription in shell characters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an inscription found here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the conversion of Nanda; Miracle of Sravasti; Maya’s dream; and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. Painted inscriptions can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a feudatory prince under Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a spacious hall surrounded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. The cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the ‘Wheel of Life’; flying apsara (to left of door), subjugation of Nalagiri (a wild elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into another cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gandhakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural grandeur of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable between A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the gift of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) cons ists of a hall with twelve pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillar’s restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. Trace of paintings are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 This monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctum sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be noticed here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, antechamber ; side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padasana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courtyard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 – 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddha’s penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper one partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24 Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra INTRO Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut caves of both these sites are world famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B. C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad; a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, `each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms.Al these have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves have the most exquisite detailed carvings on the walls, pillars and entrances as well as magnificent wall paintings. CONCLUSION In their range of time and treatments they provide a panorama of life in ancient India and are a source of all kinds of information†¦ air styles, ornaments, textiles, musical instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of classical Indian art that a particular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many parts of the world. Similar paintings can be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage made Ajanta possible. Professional artists carried out much of the work and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this monumental work.Visitors often ask how the artist who painted the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the dark interiors of the caves. It has been noticed that the caves are illuminated by natural light for part of the day and it is presumed that metal mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the inner recesses. PG1 The Ajanta Caves (Aji ha leni; Marathi: ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (20 °31? 56? N 75 °44? 44? E).Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi – Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India); and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers). They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves vary from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta consist of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument halls cut into the mountains in two phases. The monasteries are of various sizes the tallest being of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist teachings. They are mostly square shaped and projects didactic, devotional, and ornamental paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gautam Buddha, contemporary people, kings, slaves, flowers, plants, fruits, birds and beasts. There are also the figures of yakshas, kinneras (half human and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in several wall paintings and sculptures and also art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The 1st, 2nd, 16th and 17th caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First period This is a Buddhist community, comprising five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A first group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC: the chaitya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one: piers separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE – c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. [5] Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. [edit]Second period A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves' second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign o f Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas: monasteries with a sanctuary in the structure's rear centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. edit]Rediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collect ed over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since per ished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends.The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways: a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the ‘dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the ri ght walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. [edit]The facadeCave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the [edit]The porch The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously â€Å"wasted areas† were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beau ty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha's life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porch's rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. [edit]The hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. [edit]The paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 CAVE 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary excavation of pillared verandah exist. CAVE 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah and is datable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the largest monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door frame is exquisitely sculpted flanking to the right is carved Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight Great Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall preserves a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5,6,7-PG12,13 CAVE 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfinished one. However, the richly carved door frame, and female figures on makaras are important ones. CAVE 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, subsidiary cells and sanctum sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in both the shrines. The depiction of Miracle of Sravasti and Temptation of Mara are the imp ortant paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various attitudes and postures can also be noticed here. CAVE 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an oblong open hall with two small porticos supported by heavy octagonal pillars and eight cells. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. Other sculptural panels include Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha under the protection of Nagamuchalinda, etc.CAVE8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 CAVE 8 This is an unfinished monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the lowest level and perhaps earliest among the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept away by a landslide. CAVE 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, central hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on either side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa , the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inward tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fixing wooden beams ; rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during later period also as indicated by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. Inside the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dating back to the second half of 1st century B. C. and the alter to 5th – 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 – One of the earliest prayer hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let softly diffused sunlight in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. CAVE 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British Army Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the view point which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi inscription on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads ‘Vasithiputa Katahadiâ₠¬â„¢. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier dated to 2nd century B. C and the later 4th – 6th century A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The later period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 – Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. CAVE 11,12,13,14-PG 15, CAVE 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared verandah with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available h ere depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. CAVE 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by twelve cells arranged on three sides. An inscription on the back wall of the monastery records the gift of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically datable to 2nd – 1st century B. C. erhaps slightly later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated with chaitya window motifs above the door opening. CAVE 13 This is a small monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an astylar hall with seven cells on three sides. The cells are provided with rock-cut beds. CAVE 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was originally planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is beautifully depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar ha ll with eight cells, an antechamber, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings indicate that it was originally painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the excavations at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on three sides. The front wall had an inscription in shell characters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an inscription found here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the conversion of Nanda; Miracle of Sravasti; Maya’s dream; and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. Painted inscriptions can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a feudatory prince under Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a spacious hall surrounded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. The cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the ‘Wheel of Life’; flying apsara (to left of door), subjugation of Nalagiri (a wild elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into another cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gandhakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural grandeur of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable between A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the gift of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) cons ists of a hall with twelve pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillar’s restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. Trace of paintings are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 This monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctum sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be noticed here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, antechamber ; side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padasana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courtyard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 – 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddha’s penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper one partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24

Engineering Ethic of the Challenger Space Suttle - 754 Words

When it comes to engineering, building, and designing something that will be used by humans, safety is the most important step in the entire process. It should be taken very seriously by all who are involved in a project, but the engineers should be the ones who double, triple or even quadruple check safety issues. Mainly the engineers because it is in their code and law of ethics and safety is the first Canon on the list, â€Å"Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.† (NSPE, 2012). There are very bad consequences that happen when someone decides not to fallow the Code of Ethics for Engineers, for example the Space shuttle Challenger disaster that happened in January of 1986. There were issues with parts and conflicts†¦show more content†¦Texas A amp; M Department of Mechanical Engineering. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.wasscholars.org/moodle/pluginfile.php/5617/mod_assign/intro/Challenger Disaster Ethics Overview.pdf Forrest, J. (2005, October 05). The space shuttle challenger disaster. Retrieved from http://dssresources.com/cases/spaceshuttlechallenger/index.html NSPE. (2012, December 2). National society of professional engineers. Retrieved from http://www.nspe.org/Ethics/CodeofEthics/index.html Greene, N. (n.d.). ask.com part 1: The launch and disaster. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBounded Rationality, and Intuition 175 †¢ Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177 Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints 184 Individual Differences 184 †¢ Organizational Constraints 186 What About Ethics in Decision Making? 187 Three Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization

The Importance Of Organizational Movement Towards High End...

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The Conflict Between Islam And Secular State And Islam

For Kazakhstan where the majority of the population is Muslims, harmonious relations between the secular nature of the state and the religion of Islam are an important precondition for the conservation of the national consent, political and moral integrity and, thus, prevent conflicts in religious basis. Therefore, finding a successful formula for relations between Islam and secular authorities, and after twenty years of independence, has a serious intellectual, theoretical and practical challenge for all parties, including Europe. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the problem of harmonic Organization of relations between the secular state and Islam cannot be a one-sided approach, in terms of the fight against terrorism. Rather, it is part of the harmonization process, transformation and formation of a national government of Kazakhstan. 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Management and Organizational Behavior Some Basic Aspects

Question: Discuss: What provision of the law was at issue? Briefly state the facts of the case. What legal tests were applied? Were there any unusual elements in the case? Answer: Identification of the article: The article named as Management and Organizational Behavior. Some Basic Aspects has been selected from the Journal of Defense Resources Management. Summary of the article: The report has found that experience has shown that it is highly important to focus more on the organizational behavior. Moreover, it has been observed that this demands the administrators to get readily recognizable with quite a few communal as well as psychosomatic methodical regulations that can help them to respond all the queries connected to the company and the managerial attitude on the behavior of the managers as well as workers. Apart from that, organizational behavior concentrates on the difference of the individuals in between the people of the organization and their substantial impact on fulfilling the objectives of the organization (Nekoranec, 2013). Critique: The article has significantly explained the relationship between the employees of an organization with relation to the organizational culture along with the functioning of the working teams, communication. The most important part of this article is that the analysis and interpretation of the organizational behavior must become one of the major areas of the training of the managers so that the managers can explain as well as predict the behavior of the people in their organization (Alvesson, 2012). Moreover, it has been found that to understand the entire article easily, some parts of organizational behavior have been given extra importance such as organizational behavior, management, effective communication and the corporate culture (Nekoranec, 2013). Article 2: P. Bandura, R., Johnson, R., R. Lyons, P. (2014). Voluntary helpful organizational behavior: Recognition of individual attributes.European Journal of Training and Development,38(7), 610-627. Identification of the Article: The article named as Voluntary helpful organizational behavior: Recognition of Individual attributes has been taken from European Journal of Training and Development. Summary of the Article: The aim of this section is to scrutinize the employee-helpful activities that are charitable as well as given liberally without the expectation of the recompense and acknowledgment. It has been seen that the author of this article has tagged this charitable behavior as important as an important aspect which is helpful organizational behavior. To carry on the entire study, the author has examined the present theory as well as offered a detailed empirical study to identify some means of assessing employee predisposition towards helpful as well as voluntary behavior on the job. However, this research work has used some of the important aspects of the organizational behavior and these are contextual performance, the predisposition of the employees and helpful employee behavior (Bandura, Johnson Lyons, 2014). Critique: After going through the entire study, it can be said that this study has successfully identified the regression equation that uses the variables that help to predict one's predisposition towards the valued behavior. This research work is different from others, as this research work has spoken directly to the practitioners (Pettigrew, 2014). However, it can be said that the definition and explanation have clearly explained and demonstrated the practical features of the contextual performance. Therefore, this particular article has been analyzed as this has discussed some of the important features of organizational behavior (Bandura, Johnson Lyons, 2014). References Alvesson, M. (2012).Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Nekoranec, J. (2013). MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR. SOME BASIC ASPECTS.Journal of Defense Resources Management (JoDRM), (01), 93-98. P. Bandura, R., Johnson, R., R. Lyons, P. (2014). Voluntary helpful organizational behavior: Recognition of individual attributes.European Journal of Training and Development,38(7), 610-627. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014).The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge.

Analysis of the Role of Employee Engagement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of the Role of Employee Engagement. Answer: Introduction For every business, irrespective of the industry in which it has its operations, labor is something, which holds major significance. This is due to the fact that work of any organization is performed by the labor, be it a small task of shifting a material, or the big tasks involving high skills. This is the reason why the study of any labor market becomes more important. The labor market is highlighted affected by the trends in the international markets. In this regard, there is also to understand the contemporary developments in the involvement and participation of the employees, along with gaining an understanding about the different forms of conflict behavior and the effective way of dispute resolution. In the following parts, a discussion has been carried, which covers these different aspects with an emphasis on the labor markets of Qatar and the business of Nandos restaurant in Qatar. Labor Market of Qatar The labor market of Qatar has been comparatively preserved from the economic crisis which took place recently, all thanks to the oil and gas resources which the nation has. The nation has a thriving economy and it is increasingly becoming the destination of choice for the expatriates. And due to this, a high number of new immigrants are making a shift towards Qatar and this number is rising steadily. There are different job opportunities for the expats in the nation, particularly in banking, trade, construction, and oil and gas industries (Expat, 2017). When an individual has to work in Qatar, there is a need for signing a customary work contract, in the proper form, which clearly provides the salary and the working hours. It is compulsorily written in Arabic and can be accompanied with a proper translation. Where there is a dispute between the two, the Arabic version prevails. There is applicability of a probationary period for all the jobs. The Rights of the workers are respected and properly regulated in the nation. The Women can work without any kind of restrictions in the nation. Though, the professional sectors are usually reserved for the women, for instance, education, secretarial and nursing. Further, a dress code is usually applicable on them, for instance legs covered, no skirts and long sleeves. There is no minimum wage in the nation and the exemptions from income tax are quite attractive. There is also alaw on the working time, which is set at 48 hours for every week. And during the summer time, the working hours are st rictly regulated. The workers are given two days of paid holidays for each year and this is a minimum requirement (Expat, 2017). Doha has the highest population in the nation and 47% of the inhabitants of the nation live there. The labor force of women for 2011 in the nation was 12.3% of the overall labor force, whilst the semi-skilled and unskilled workers contribute to 75% of the total foreign workforce in the nation. So the economic activity for women have improved majorly in the nation and for 2010, they formed 36.6% of the total labor force (Toumi, 2011). The expatriates form 94% of the labor market of the nation and the total workforce of the nation is at 1.3 million. The labor market is increasing in construction sector and is the biggest employer amongst all of the economic sectors in the nation (Soman, 2013). This is due to the fact that the nation has started making the required development projects for the FIFA World Cup 2022 and a need for a higher number of foreign workers has been identified (Bel-Air, 2014). The demarcation in the labor market of the nation has been represented through the image below. Recent Changes One of the major changes which took place in the labor market of Qatar in the past five years includes the abolition of the kafala for the foreign workers which came into force in December 2016 (Gulf Times, 2016). Thislaw which reforms the rules surrounding oversees exit visas and the work contracts in the nation was published in the official gazette of the nation (Kemp, 2016). These changes were reported in the Arabic language Al Sharq and came on application after 14 months of being approved. Through this reform, the foreign workers who wish to leave the nation can apply to the interior ministry for the permission for leaving up to 72 hours before. In case this permission is denied at first, the employees can apply to leave and later on filed a complaint to the grievance committee which has been formed under the new law (Gulf News, 2015). Before this law, an exit visa was required to be attained by the workers which had to be approved by their sponsors for leaving the nation. Through these changes the foreign workers would be able to switch jobs easily when the fixed term contract is brought to an end. Under the previous system, the workers who wanted to leave their job, at the contract end were required to wait for a period of 2 years for returning to the nation to take a new position, even when the old employer objected to their new job (Gulf News, 2015). The rationale behind announcing these reforms stems from the high-profile international campaign which was undertaken by the critics in thelabor laws of the nation which are set to host the 2022 Football World Cup. Qatar was faced with stern criticism from these right groups for their slow progress in reform. This new reform would make things easy for the two million foreigners who contribute to 90% of the population of the nation. By 2020, the number of foreign workers in the nation is set to reach 2.5 million, owing to the major infrastructure projects taken in a direct or indirect manner for the Football World Cup 2022 (Gulf News, 2015). In the past five years, i.e., in the period of 2011-2016, Qatar lacked the information and research which are crucial for decision making and effective policy making for the labor market. There is an absence of a single data source which could consolidate the diversified information of the labor market and this makes it difficult for the stakeholders to assess the relevant data. Due to these reasons, a need was identified by the National Development Strategy to link the databases so that between information can be used for labor market policies and a coordination can be attained for improving the labor market policies of Qatar. Through such a comprehensive labor market information system would help in building and strengthening of the capacity of the key market stakeholders through which, the labor market efficiency can be enhanced (Gulf Times, 2011). Effective Employee Involvement and Participation The involvement and participation of the employees in any nation and for any organization is a major aspect as it provides the opportunities to the employees to take part in the decisions which affect their work in the job being done by them. This participation can be direct participation or indirect participation. The employee involvement relates to the employees capacity to influence the decisions as single individuals instead of the same being made through representatives. Through employee involvement, an environment is created in which the decision of the people is impact other and the actions of such individuals affect their jobs (Durn and Corral, 2016). So, through employee involvement, the employees are consulted and informed regarding the decision making aspects and through employee participation, the employees are involved in the decision making machinery of any company. Through effective involvement and participation of the employees, the traditional and psychological exchange between the organization and its employees can be enhanced. This is due to the fact that when the employees are engaged and made to participate in the decision making of the company, they are able to put forward their view for the best interest of the company and through which, the company can attain growth (Crawshaw, Budhwar and Davis, 2014). For instance, Nandos restaurant Qatar focuses highly on its employees and does indulge in employee involvement and employee participation. Through employment involvement, the employees are made to understand the key goals of the company, along with the significance of these. Further, a plan is presented to the employee, which is set by the management as an attempt towards making the employees committed towards their work. The company is also engaged in employee participation so as to focus the employees as groups in the organization and focusing on the different viewpoints. The employees are given the opportunity to participate in the decision making and the policies of employee participation are carried through representative methods (Foot and Hook, 2008). Through such representations, the traditional and psychological exchange is strengthened. This can be best demonstrated in the company, i.e., Nandos restaurant Qatar. Traditionally the company works at serving its specialty dish, the peri-peri chicken (Nandos, 2017). But owing to the craze around the 2022 football world cup, the company can gear up on the advice of its employees, to prepare for the 2022 football world cup by coming up with customized offers and taking the other advice of the employees. There is a key reason to state the traditional and psychological exchange between the employee and the organization is strengthened through employee participation and involvement. This is due to the fact that that the Medina Centrale at the Pearl Qatar is witnessing a huge increase in the footfall of visitors. Due to this reasons, a number of new restaurants and retail outlets are being opened up. One of these restaurants include Nandos, along with the other famous ones like Sammach, and American T.G.I. Fridays Fatburger (Welcome Qatar, 2015). This is a prime location for the families residing in the region and for the ones who travel to Qatar for business and leisure. This footfall is set to be raised with the coming 2022 football world cup which would see the rise in footfall of visitors being multiplied (Willock, 2016). This opens up both threat and opportunity for Nandos restaurant Qatar. The opportunity lies in gaining the most out of the upcoming rise in footfall; and the threat lies in the rising number of competitors who would want to tap on this increased footfall. And the employee participation and involvement can help the company manifolds. This is because when the employee participation and involvement is attained, the employees are motivated towards working for the company. This is because by being involved in the decision making of the company, the goals of the employees and organization are unified and the employees take extra efforts towards attaining these (Russell and Russell, 2010). An important concept which plays a key role in the effectively catering with employees of a company is union and nonunion form of employee representation. Unions are not just work for the employees, but they also help the employers by minimizing the turnover ratio and helps in bringing down the costs of hiring and training which are associated with the new employees. The members are encouraged to be a part of the social welfare society and take the advantages of it. There is also a non-union form of representation. The key difference between the two is the joint consultation which takes place between the employees and the management. Both these type of types help the company in promoting and supporting the work towards the betterment of employees. And by indulging in such activities, steps are taken towards employee engagement and involvement (Kersley, Alpin and Forth, 2013). Employee participation and involvement motivates the employees internally as a sense of belongingness is created amongst the employees. The employees feel committed towards the goals of the organization and this also gives away with the need of constant monitoring of the employees (DesJardins and McCall, 2014). So, instead of making the responsibility of Nandos restaurant Qatar to tap on the opportunity which is presented with the football world cup, the employees, through participation and commitment would take the responsibility upon themselves to be the best. When the need of the organization to tell its employees to work towards the growth of the company is eliminated, the need to indulge in channels of traditional and psychological exchange is automatically strengthened. This is because the motives of both the employees and the organization are aligned. Also, with the recent changes in the labor laws, the issues which were earlier faced by the foreign workers, has been eliminate d, which has inculcated a sense of belongingness, even in them (O'Toole and Mayer, 2013). This is in particular reference to the abolition of the kafala for the foreign workers. Hence, it can be aptly stated that effective employee involvement and participation strengthens both the traditional and psychological exchange between an organization and its employees (BBC, 2016). Recent Trends in Industrial Action A workplace is a place where the people interact in regular manner and this often leads to conflicts and disputes due to the difference in views of the labor. This could be individual conflict, which takes place between the employees or an employee and the organization; or it could be a collective conflict, where groups of employees are in conflict with themselves or the groups of employees are in conflict with the organization. This necessitates the adoption of different kinds of conflict behavior and dispute resolution. The recent trends in industrial action also have a unique role in the approaches and skills which are required to effectively manage such conflicts and disputes. One of the recent industrial changes in Qatar was the abolition of the kafala system. Through the changes brought through this system, the improvement in the working environment has been anticipated due to efficiency as one aspect and the end of illegal practices of selling of visa and the prevention of bogus companies from making a misuse of the visa laws, as another aspect (Kemp, 2016). Amongst the major change is the abolishing of the two year ban which was earlier imposed on the expatriates, who have the intention of coming back to the nation by taking a new visa. The previous requirement was to attain a no-objection certificate from the previous employer in order for an ex resident to get a new job in the nation. Though, this sponsorship system has been abolished through the new legislation and allows the expats employment and stay based entirely on the contract where the contract is signed by the foreign worker before they land in the nation (Kemp, 2016). The need for abolishing this system stemmed from the conflicts which were caused due to this. Due to the employee needing a no objection certificate, often they faced friction from their previous employers in being given this document. This led to difficulty on part of the employees to shift from one company to another and thus, resulting in a conflict between the employee and the company. Also, conflicts took place between two companies when the issues revolved around transferring of sponsorship from one company to another (Scott, 2014). A conflict not only results in friction between the employees, but also reduces the efficiency of the company as a whole. This makes it crucial for the companies to take needful steps in managing the individual and collective conflicts and also to deal with the disputes taking place within the organization. By taking certain steps in this regard, the conflicts at workplace can be eradicated (Raines, 2012). Some of these have been stated below. The first and the foremost manner to resolve a dispute is to listen to the issues being failed by the employee to understand the key issue behind the entire conflict. There is no need to take stands or believe in what is being told, but to simply listen so that the required steps for dealing with the issue, in an effective manner, can be undertaken (Roche, Teague and Colvin, 2014). There is also a need to gather the group and arrange of meeting between the parties who are in conflict so that the issue can be discussed. In such meetings, chance can be given to the employees to speak about their issues and for the other side to present counter claims. However, care has to be taken that the parties do not indulged in heated arguments at such meetings and try to take steps towards resolution of the conflict. So, there is a need to tell the parties that the problem has to be attacked and not the individual with whom the problem is. Mediating a conflict is a very challenging task and so, the task of the mediator becomes all the more significant (Doherty and Guyler, 2008). A key point is to never be partial towards any of the parties in the conflict. So, opinions of a particular side cannot be favored over the other. Only by considering the issues and points of both the sides, can the solution be attained (Bisk, 2017). Conflict resolution has to be taken at the earliest as any delay in solving the issue can escalate it. However, this does not mean that conflict resolution is to be hurried whereby the situation is not properly considered (Bisk, 2017). There is a need to understand that ignorance of conflict would only spiral it and not resolve it. And it can further propagate disagreements and conflicts (Heathfield, 2016). There is a need to promote teamwork, team engagement and work towards promoting the sense of unity in the team. In this regard, there is a need to motivate the employees and to inculcate in them, a view that through effective teamwork, the projects can be successfully completed (Bisk, 2017). The power of motivation and encouragement has to be used to deal with conflicting situation by modeling cooperation and teamwork (Bisk, 2017). A standard form of resolving the disputes can be found in the different forms of alternate dispute resolution. This is the most successful manner of resolving the dispute, without having to go for a litigation, i.e., in court trial to solve the issue. The three key forms of alternate dispute resolution include arbitration, conciliation and mediation. The crux is the same in all these forms, where a third party is elected by the disputing parties, who listen to both the sides and makes a decision, which is suitable for both the parties. The entire proceeding under these form remain private and confidential, and results in timely solution to the dispute (Nolan-Haley, 2013). Even though the theme of conciliation, mediation and arbitration is the same, there are quite a few differences in the three dispute resolution methods. The main difference between these three can be found in the fact that the arbitration award is binding on the parties, whereas the decision given in mediation and conciliation, is not binding, till the same is enforced by a court order. Further, for using arbitration, it is important that the same is provided under the contract. Also, the proceedings under arbitration are almost court like, whereas the same is not the case in the other two methods (Surbhi, 2016). Even though mediation and conciliation are two words used interchangeably, but under dispute resolution, these differ. Conciliation is a comparatively formal method in comparison to mediation. A conciliator is an expert in the field where an attempt is made to adjudicate the matter, whereas the mediator is just an expert in communication and negotiation (Difference Between, 2012). Conclusion The discussion carried in the preceding parts highlighted the significance of labor for every company. The contribution of labor to the organization is something which makes or breaks the company. Hence, the companies indulge in motivational activities and also adopt the techniques where employee engagement and involvement is promoted. This helps in unifying the goals of the employee and the companies, as the employees are involved in the decision making of the company and take steps towards the betterment of the company. The discussion also highlighted the present condition of the labor market in Qatar and the prominent changes made in the recent times in the industries of the nation. The most significant in this was the abolition of kafala system, the reason of which is given to the offered critics for the labor laws of the nation, which are set to host the 2022 Football World Cup. This has helped the foreign workers as the issues which they faced under the earlier regime have now been abolished. Also, the discussion highlighted how Qatar is gearing up for this event and this presents a unique opportunity for Nandos restaurant Qatar to increase its profits and grow by tapping on the increased footfall with this event. References BBC. (2016) Qatar abolishes controversial 'kafala' labour system. [Online] BBC. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38298393 [Accessed on: 22/08/17] Bel-Air, F.D. (2014) Demography, Migration, and Labour Market in Qatar. [Online] Gulf Research Centre. Available from: https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/32431/GLMM_ExpNote_08-2014.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed on: 22/08/17] Bisk. 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