Gcom 123 Study Guide

Study Guide for GCOM 123 Students are prescribed to know this data for class tests and the last test of the year. Essentials of Communication Chapter 1: Competent Communication What are the most widely recognized legends about correspondence? Clarify the contrasts between the three models of correspondence: straight, intelligent, and value-based. Characterize the essential correspondence components contained in the correspondence models (channel, sender, recipient, message, encode, interpret, setting, fields of understanding, clamor, and input) Explain the two parts of each message: Content and relationship.Understand the correspondence skill model. How might you improve your correspondence skill? What separates a valuable correspondence atmosphere from a dangerous correspondence atmosphere? Part 2: Perception of Self and Others Define the perceptual procedure. What is a perceptual pattern (model, generalization, and content)? How is self-idea created (reflected examination, huge oth ers, and society)? What are a portion of the impacts on observation (sex, culture, past encounters, mind-set, and setting)? What is self-divulgence? Characterize the ideas of profundity and broadness as far as self-disclosure.What are simply the rules for offering and accepting exposure? For what reason is corresponding sharing significant? Characterize the term â€Å"self-serving bias†. What is the inevitable outcome? What does it impact? Characterize the procedure of attribution? How does the essential attribution mistake sway skillful correspondence? What is compassion? Section 3: Culture and Gender Define what culture is. Clarify how culture impacts correspondence. Characterize ethnocentrism, social relativism, and multiculturalism. Clarify the significant contrasts among individualistic and collectivistic cultures.Explain the significant contrasts between low-power separation and high force separation societies. Clarify the significant contrasts among female and manly so cieties. How does culture impact nonverbal correspondence? Part 4: Language Explain the idea of the relationship in dialects from phonemes, morphemes, sentence structure, and semantics. Characterize the four fundamental components everything being equal (structure, profitability, removal, and self-reflexiveness). Clarify the abstracting procedure (sense understanding, portrayal, derivation, and judgment). Clarify the two renditions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.Explain how obvious significance varies from denotative importance. What is the contrast between a reality and a derivation? What are language and code words? Section 5: Nonverbal Communication What are the contrasts among verbal and nonverbal channels of correspondence? What are the elements of nonverbal correspondence (redundancy, replacement, guideline, inconsistency, emphasis)? Clarify the significant kinds of nonverbal correspondence (kinesics, paralanguage, territoriality, proxemics, and haptics). Would you be able to d istinguish the sort of nonverbal correspondence displayed in a model? Part 6: Listening to OthersDefine tuning in by its essential components (grasping, holding, and reacting). What are the sorts of tuning in (instructive, basic and empathic)? What are the most widely recognized issues that upset skilled educational tuning in (conversational narcissism, serious intruding, coating over, pseudo-tuning in, and ambushing)? What are the most well-known audience reaction styles utilized in empathic tuning in? Relational Communication Chapter 7: Power Define power. Clarify the contrast among decisiveness and forcefulness. What are the significant force assets (aptitude, authentic position, reward, discipline, individual qualities)?How is power shown in correspondence (verbally and nonverbally)? Section 9: Interpersonal Conflict Management Define strife. Separate among dangerous and productive clash. Characterize the three inward social persuasions (receptiveness closedness, curiosity consi stency, and self-governance association). How would we address these social arguments? Characterize the five most normal clash arrangement systems (obliging, abstaining from, controlling, trading off, and teaming up). Gathering Communication Chapter 10: The Anatomy of Small Groups Define what a little gathering is. What are the favorable circumstances and disservices of little groups?What is attachment? How is it created? What impact does attachment have on errand and social elements of little gatherings? What are bunch standards? What is a little gathering job? What is the contrast among formal and casual jobs? Clarify the contrast between the three sorts of casual gathering jobs (upkeep, task, and troublesome). What is initiative? What are the various ways to deal with administration (attributes, styles, and situational)? Characterize the significant initiative styles (mandate or imperious; participative or law based; free enterprise, and situational). Section 11: Effective Groups Explain the qualifications between a group and a gathering. What is conceptualizing? What is basic to its prosperity? Clarify the means in the Standard Agenda. Clarify the contrasts between the significant types of dynamic (larger part rule, minority rule, and accord). What are the advantages and hindrances of accord? What is oblivious conformity? In what capacity may oblivious compliance be stayed away from? Open Speaking Chapter 12: Preparing Speeches What are the parts of crowd investigation (socioeconomics, values, convictions, and mentalities)? What components of discourse making are affected by crowd investigation (readiness and presentation)?Define the broadly useful, explicit reason, and focal thought out in the open talking. What ought to be viewed as while picking a theme (speaker, subject, and individual tended to)? How can one maintain a strategic distance from written falsification? What are the kinds of supporting materials utilized in talks? What are the models for as sessing supporting material? What are the essential components of an equipped framework (images, rationality, culmination, parity, and division)? Distinguish the authoritative example utilized in addresses (topical, spatial, causal, sequential, issue arrangement, and Monroe’s Motivated Sequence)?Chapter 13: Presenting Speeches What is discourse tension? What are a few rules for overseeing discourse nervousness? What are the basic components of a discourse presentation? What are the basic components of a discourse end? What is the contrast among oral and composed styles of discourse making? What effect do different conveyance contemplations have on a group of people (eye to eye connection, vocal assortment, verbal familiarity, balance, dynamism)? Clarify the contrasts between the significant conveyance styles (original copy, retained, spontaneous, and offhand). Section 14: Informative SpeakingWhat recognized useful talking from influential talking? What is a progress? What is vital for a proper or powerful oral reference? What are the sorts of visual guides that can be utilized during a discourse? What are rules for the skilled use of visual guides? Part 15: Persuasive Speaking Define influence. What are the essential elements of believability (fitness dependability, dynamism, and levelheadedness)? Characterize the three Aristotelian methods of verification (ethos, logos, and tenderness). Distinguish suggestions of certainty, worth and strategy.

Lotteries essays

Lotteries expositions Lotteries Do lotteries hurt poor people? Is It harming us Americans? Would it be a good idea for us to band the lotteries that are legitimized in numerous states? All things considered, I sure think along these lines, yet some time ago I didnt figure the lottery could be destructive to anybody. In the wake of doing some examination I found that the state-run lottery can be unsafe to us Americans. Who plays the lottery? The Rich? Scarcely ever. They want to play such games. It is poor people, the poor are the ones who play the lottery as a way to luck out, become super wealthy, and make a simple buck (Sanchez). Any easy money scam is created to ensnare the feeble and particularly poor people, after all purchasing lottery is practically powerful temptation to individuals who need to address the issues and want of their families yet find that they can't (Burkett). Lower-pay families spend a bigger level of their pay on lotteries than families with more riches (Sanchez). There was a cost taken in Virginia in 1997 that indicated that 80% of individuals that made under 15k a year played the lottery, 30% of individuals that made 15-20k a year played the lottery, 20% of individuals that made 25-50k a year played the lottery, and 5% of individuals that made over 50k a year played the lottery (Clotfelter). Can any anyone explain why such a large number of needy individuals are playing the lottery? Is it in light of the fact that the state utilizes mottos to deceive poor people? Gloria Jimenez paper Against the chances, and Against the benefit of everyone (Jimenez110) is an exposition that made me fully aware of how betting can hurt us Americans, it is about how state-run lotteries are so regular in numerous states and what number of states encourage individuals to bet when she accepts that they ought not. Jimenez accepts that numerous states use mottos to misdirect individuals, similar to the trademark utilized in Maryland Play Today. Money Tomorrow (110) which erroneously proposes to have cash tomorrow, you need to purchase a lottery ticket today. Jimenez likewise accepts t... <!

Personal Financial Planning free essay sample

This paper fundamentally surveys the job of the PC on close to home money related arranging. The accompanying paper talks about the idea of individual money related arranging, including a short meaning of the term. It at that point gives a short yet concise history of the ascent of individualized computing, and the Internet, in the late twentieth century, and mid 21st century. At long last it talks about how the PC has affected individual budgetary arranging, including both positive and negative impacts. A few ideas, including planning, contributing, charges, individual banking, retirement and domain arranging, protection buys and vocation arranging are inspected. To start, I will talk about the idea of individual budgetary arranging, including a concise meaning of individual money related arranging. In basic terms, individual account arranging alludes to the way toward overseeing individual resources so as to accomplish individual monetary fulfillment. Individual money related arranging can envelop a wide assortment of procedures, including planning, contributing, protection, profession arranging, and maybe the most clear of all retirement arranging. We will compose a custom paper test on Individual Financial Planning or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Given the expansiveness of individual money related arranging, a wide assortment of territories must be thought of, and a few intricate and interrelated choices must be made during the time spent individual monetary arranging. Maybe as anyone might expect, the PC has started to be a key, significant apparatus during the time spent individual monetary arranging.;

Definitions of Extended Essay Samples History

Definitions of Extended Essay Samples History The Extended Essay Samples History Trap There are many online companies which can secure you the support that you demand. If you're ever searching for an experienced online essay writer there are a lot of places from where you are able to receive all the information which you want. So should you need help with any writing task, don't hesitate to get in touch with our expert services. Should you need papers on some superior history essay topics and you truly feel overwhelmed, don't hesitate to enlist the help of a premium writer on the services. New Ideas Into Extended Essay Samples History Never Before Revealed If you aren't certain of who you want to be your advisor, I would start by producing a list of your top 3 choices. Talking over your favorite topic with your supervisor should hopefully avoid choosing a poor topic. Typically, many of the writing agencies mentioned previously will also give bespoke services to students. M ake certain you ask your IB coordinator if there's any essential paperwork. Just wished to send you a note of appreciation for the fantastic and selfless contribution you've made. A fantastic history paper is in your reach, hire one of our writers to receive it! By contrast, great marks lead to the total score, which might impact a student's college application success. You will enhance your performance and possibly receive a promotion! Our company gives support to such students by giving excellent international history regents thematic essay topics. There are many writing agencies online that provide a variety of unique services for students all over the world. Kindly note our service isn't confined to developing extended essay history topics. On the flip side, there are a few students who aim to discover prewritten samples on the Internet so they can pass them off as their own. A protracted essay is an academic work that's a component of the majority of international baccalaureate degree programs. Do not increase your odds of being discontinued from your studies as a result of trusting people who can't even aid with choosing history essay topics for high school students. Say, as an example, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay. High school students who complete the programme receive a chance to produce their college application appear more attractive for the committee, together with obtain some distinctive interdisciplinary understanding. Besides, you're permitted to communicate directly with the writer handling your paper so you can make any clarifications. Whether there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it might be too narrow. For example, if you ask us to compose a paper on one of the numerous American history essay topics, you can be sure your writing will be consistent with the language sty le you request. If you are feeling incapable of writing a superb paper on a certain issue, it's far better to hire our writers. Break down the content into many subtopics to make it simpler for the target audience to stick to the logical stream of thoughts. Anyway, adequate research and knowing of the material also play an essential role in writing a great essay. There will not be any instances of language mix up in your whole piece. It is clear that a history teacher isn't the best match if you're writing a long definition essay about Math. So as to excel in a lengthy essay, the student must strategize to be able to comprehensively compose a topic. An essay is a rather common class requirement. A lengthy essay is a sort of academic writing assignment, which success depends upon the structure. Let's review it even more detailed. Writing is a rather common class activity. More information about each element are offered in the Presentation section. It is possible to also refer to our Essay Outline Templates to supply you with an idea on the best way to begin. You have to come up with your question depending on your subject and the chief theme. Of course, you can't just produce a suitable issue to develop on the go. The ordering procedure to acquire your captivating and unique world history essay topics is quite straightforward. Several researchers and agencies have begun to research the matter of violence in video games and the way that it affects child behavior. If you're really stuck trying to discover a not too broad or narrow topic, I would recommend attempting to brainstorm a topic that utilizes a comparison. 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If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Extended Essay Samples History You have to note a protracted essay format demands an article of 4000 words. You may believe that it is only the cover of your essay, but it's an important component, and you ought to treat it correctly. This kind of essay isn't the easiest one to cope with. The principal essay should begin with an Introduction. Because the lengthy essay contains far more words than a typical essay, the option of topic has to be such a good argument can be developed and resolved. A great history essay topic is far more important than you might think. The next matter to discuss is a protracted essay format. The best method is to check through some wonderful extended essay examples.

Why the Articles of Confederation Failed

The Articles of Confederation established the first governmental structure unifying the 13 colonies that had fought in the American Revolution. In effect, this document created the structure for the confederation of these newly minted 13 states. After many attempts by several delegates to the Continental Congress, a draft by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania was the basis for the final document, which was adopted in 1777. The Articles went into effect on March 1, 1781, after all, 13 states had ratified them. The Articles of Confederation lasted until March 4, 1789, when they were replaced by the U.S. Constitution. So, why did the Articles of Confederation fail after just eight years? In response to widespread antipathy toward a strong central government, the Articles of Confederation kept national government weak and allowed for the states to be as independent as possible. But almost soon as the Articles took effect, problems with this approach became apparent.   Strong States, Weak Central Government The purpose of the Articles of Confederation was to create a confederation of states whereby each state retained its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right... not... expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled.   Every state was as independent as possible within the central government of the United States, which was only responsible for the common defense, the security of liberties, and the general welfare. Congress could make treaties with foreign nations, declare war, maintain an army and navy, establish a postal service, manage Native American affairs, and coin money. But Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce. Because of widespread fear of a strong central government at the time they were written and strong loyalties among Americans to their own state as opposed to any national government during the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation purposely kept the national government as weak as possible and the states as independent as possible. However, this led to many of the problems that became apparent once the Articles took effect.   Achievements Despite their significant weaknesses, under the Articles of Confederation the new United States won the American Revolution against the British and secured its independence; successfully negotiated an end to the Revolutionary War with the Treaty of Paris in 1783; and established the national departments of foreign affairs, war, marine, and treasury.  The Continental Congress also made a treaty with France in 1778, after the Articles of Confederation had been adopted by the Congress but before they had been ratified by all the states. Weaknesses The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation would quickly lead to problems that the Founding Fathers realized would not be fixable under the current form of government. Many of these issues were brought up during the Annapolis convention of 1786. These included the following:   Each state only had one vote in Congress, regardless of size.Congress did not have the power to tax.Congress did not have the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce.There was no executive branch to enforce any acts passed by Congress.There was no national court system or judicial branch.Amendments to the Articles of Confederation required a unanimous vote.Laws required a 9/13 majority to pass in Congress.States could levy tariffs on other states goods. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state viewed its own sovereignty and power as paramount to the national good. This led to frequent arguments between the states. In addition, the states would not willingly give money to financially support the national government. The national government was powerless to enforce any acts that Congress passed. Further, some states began to make separate agreements with foreign governments. Almost every state had its own military, called a militia. Each state printed its own money. This, along with issues with trade, meant that there was no stable national economy.   In 1786, Shays Rebellion occurred in western Massachusetts as a protest against rising debt and economic chaos. However, the national government was unable to gather a combined military force among the states to help put down the rebellion, making clear a serious weakness in the structure of the Articles of Confederation. Gathering of the Philadelphia Convention As the economic and military weaknesses became apparent, especially after Shays Rebellion, Americans began asking for changes to the Articles. Their hope was to create a stronger national government. Initially, some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems together. However, as more states became interested in changing the Articles, and as national feeling strengthened, a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the Constitutional Convention. It was quickly realized that changes would not work, and instead, the entire Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced with a new U.S. Constitution that would dictate the structure of the national government.

Porphyria’s Lover Essay - 4333 Words

Porphyria’s Lover The finest woks of Browning endeavor to explain the mechanics of human psychology. The motions of love, hate, passion, instinct, violence, desire, poverty, violence, and sex and sensuousness are raised from the dead in his poetry with a striking virility and some are even introduced with a remarkable brilliance. Thanks to the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution, so many people living in such close quarters, poverty, violence, and sex became part of everyday life. The absence of family and community ties meant newfound personal independence; it also meant the loss of a social safety net. The mid-nineteenth century also saw the rapid growth of newspapers, which functioned not as the current-events journals†¦show more content†¦Porphyrias Lover also demonstrates several of Robert Brownings defining characteristics as a poet. It contains his criticism towards the beliefs and practices of self-restraint and his traditional use of dramatic monologue to expose a single characters personality, which in turn often provides an additional depth to his works in coordination with his use of unpoetic language. Also taking into account the authors own personal experiences with his wife, the poem can also be perceived as a representation of the development of their relationship. Brownings criticism of the idea of self-restraint is evident throughout the poem Porphyrias Lover as it was shown in the internal debates both characters underwent as they decided whether or not they should consummate the love between them. In Robert Brownings dramatic monologue, Porphyrias Lover, the love-stricken frustrations of a nameless speaker end in a passionate, annihilating response to societys scrutiny towards human sensuality. Cleverly juxtaposing Porphyrias innocent femininity and her sexual transgression, Browning succeeds in displaying societys contradictory embrace of morality next to its rejection of sensual pleasure. In an ironically tranquil domestic setting, warm comfort and affection come to reveal burning emotional perversions within confining social structures. The speakers violent display of passion ends not with external condemnation, but with the matter-of-fact sense ofShow MoreRelatedPorphyrias Lover779 Words   |  4 PagesPorphyria’s Lover is a typical dramatic monologue by Browning, where we get an insight into the narrator’s thoughts. In the poem, we get an insight into the thoughts of a man who kills his love interest out of jealousy: â€Å"Nor could to-night’s gay f east restrain.† This gives the impression of Porphyria living a very high status life, just coming from a party, and the narrator being her love interest that she is sneaking away from her life to see. On the other hand, Porphyria’s death could have beenRead MoreThe Point of View in Porphyrias Lover1396 Words   |  6 PagesPoint of View in Porphyrias Lover Porphyrias Lover is an exhilarating love story given from a lunatics point of view. It is the story of a man who is so obsessed with Porphyria that he decides to keep her for himself. The only way he feels he can keep her, though, is by killing her. Robert Brownings poem depicts the separation of social classes and describes the triumph of one man over an unjust society. As is often the case in fiction, the speaker of Porphyrias Lover does not giveRead MoreMy Last Duchess and Porphyria’s Lover714 Words   |  3 Pageshimself by surprise is explained by the fact that unconscious wishes are usually unknown to the person himself.† (Flanagan). This can help explain how the men act within the stories My Last Duchess and Porphyria’s Lover. Furthermore, this is a comparative analysis of the lover’s within Porphyria’s Lover and My Last Duchess, both by Robert Browning. In both stories, the lovers perceive the women as objects, instead of actual people. In My Last Mistress, he believes that he has given her a gift byRead More Porphyria’s Lover : Browning’s Portrait of a Madman Essay1892 Words   |  8 PagesPorphyria’s Lover : Browning’s Portrait of a Madman Robert Browning’s Porphyria’s Lover contains the methodical ramblings of a lunatic; it is a madman’s monologue that reveals the dark side of human nature. Power and passion coalesce to form the strangulation of the beautiful and innocent Porphyria, and at the same time strangle the reader’s ability to comprehend what is occurring and why it is occurring. The murder’s monologue depicts a heinous crime. The simple fact that the monologue isRead MoreCompare My Last Duchess And Porphyrias Lover1098 Words   |  5 PagesLove That Kills (Comparing and Contrasting of â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover†) While reading the poems â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† by Robert Browning, there is a large possibility that you may be left haunted by the words that were written on the paper. â€Å" This is not to say that he was blandly optimistic, as he is sometimes portrayed. He wrote fully about the world s cruelty and vice and was quite frank that he had himself had no divine revelation. Nevertheless, he resolvedRead MorePorphyrias Lover And My Last Duchess By Robert Browning1510 Words   |  7 Pagesconsisting of trust, honesty, and respect (Denham et al. 397). Within â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† and â€Å"My Last Duchess,† Robert Browning, a romantic poet, suggests couples do not have fully expressed and healthy relationships because of male dominance and an individual’s psychotic state of mind. The idea of male dominance as a counter to the fulfillment of relationships appears in â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† and â€Å"My Last Duchess.† Within â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover,† the speaker says, â€Å"she too weak, for all her heart’s endeavorRead More Porphyria’s Lover, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory Essay2600 Words   |  11 PagesPorphyria’s Lover, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory In this essay I hope to prove that Robert Browning’s murder mystery poems are fulfilled with intrigue and excitement. I also hope to prove that in his poems he creates vivid characters and uses poetic techniques to expose a world of madness and wickedness. To show that the statements above are true I will be writing about the characters, the poetic features in each poem and the madness and wickedness in each poem. This essay will includeRead More A study of Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess by Robert Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesA study of Porphyrias Lover and My Last Duchess by Robert Browning. The first poem â€Å"Porphyria’s lover† is about class and control. A woman shows her control over her lover by seducing him to get attention, moving him to a position she likes and treating him like she is the boss of him and his possessions. The man eventually goes to extremes to get control and kills her. The second poem â€Å"My last Duchess† is also about control. The man is showing some important guests around his palaceRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover1182 Words   |  5 Pageseveryone in the world as being equal no matter what class they are. The duke however cannot do this. He is too worried about his appearance. Porphyrias Lover is a poem in which a man describes an evening in which his lover, Porphyria, visits him and he unexpectedly murders her. In this it is unlike My Last Duchess because Porphyria worships her lover unlike the Duke From the title My Last Duchess, we immediately learn that this is a personal poem to the duke. It is a love and murderRead MoreComparing My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover by Robert Browning716 Words   |  3 PagesDuchess and Porphyrias Lover by Robert Browning These poems by Robert Browning were written in the Victorian era. The Victorians from the outlook seemed to live on high standards and rules, but underneath they craved for scandal and gossip. Robert Browning gave this to them through his poems. They were filled with adultery, passion, sexual tension and murder. ===================================================================== Porphyrias Lover starts off with

Liberal Arts Education Essay Summary Example For Students

Liberal Arts Education Essay Summary Second, liberal arts education gives you a chance to learn and empower you to discover the world, Also, it elevate you to increase your knowledge and teach you how to become a good leader. Finally, it shows the solitude of the Christian liberal arts education and allows to us to tint relevant quotes for different topics. Through research, have found evidence that corroborates one point of Harris article; in addition, my research has led me to think have grounds to challenge another claim of Harris refuted by another author. Liberal arts education helps us to be all that a person can be. An education in liberal arts can give a person many choices and opportunities concerning what kind of job he/she wants in the future. According to Harris Once you develop good thinking habits, you will be able to perform better in any job, but more importantly, the happier life Will be Harris suggests that liberal arts education helps to have a satisfying and comfortable life. When a person graduates from liberal arts education, he/she Will get a gratifying job that Will make him/her feel like he/she has a strong personality. Needle, CORBA. Wong, Greened et al (2007) point out that liberal arts education is a good choice for the future to have more options for jobs, which they expressed in their article Combining Arts and Science In Arts and Sciences Education published in the journal College Teaching on pages 114-120. The purpose of the article is to persuade us to study the liberal arts for a good life. The article has a positive tone because it is optimistic. The mode of the article is illustrative. The main idea of the article is to encourage people to study liberal arts because it can give them a better future, Needle et al states, Todays liberal arts education is viewed as preparing students tort the real world (114). Needle et al suggests that graduating with a degree in liberal arts will make you ready for real life. In addition, liberal arts will teach you and make you understand more about life. I found that the two articles are similar in their goal which is to talk about liberal arts and how it is important in a persons life because a liberal arts education gives you more opportunities for a great job and a better life. However, research shows that perhaps some Of Harris points can be disputed. Harris states that a liberal arts education can make a person life better. Harris article States that While a liberal arts education may not teach you how to take out an appendix or sue your neighbor, it Will teach you how to think, which is to ay, it Will teach you how to What Harris means is that you can earn a living, but the more important thing that you can get from a liberal arts education is a good life. However through research, I think I have grounds to challenge this claim of Harris. The article Theoretical analysis of Academic credibility and the hospitality curriculum: The image problem written by Abs L. Cole (BIBB) published in FLU Hospitality Review on pages 1-6 refutes Harris point. The purpose of the article is to persuade us that the liberal arts education is not good. The tone of the article is negative because it is pessimistic, The mode of the article is contrast as it compares liberal arts education to applied education. The main idea of the article is about the two types of education, applied and liberal arts education. Cole states that The author believes that it is only proponents of liberal arts education who see education in applied knowledge as being less valuable than more general liberal arts education (1). By this statement, Cole points out that only a group of people suggests that a liberal arts education is more valuable than applied education. The difference between the two articles is hat Harris article is for liberal arts education, but Coles article is for applied education. The three articles all have good points. .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 , .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .postImageUrl , .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 , .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4:hover , .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4:visited , .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4:active { border:0!important; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4:active , .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4 .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc57b93be95eb3fab4ed0e55e20bf43a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Science Government Intervention of the In EssayHowever for me, agree with Harris that a liberal arts education is better than an applied education and those liberal arts preparedly for a good life. Have a personal story about my two cousins. Both Of my cousins All, and Fad graduated from the same high school in 2001. All chose to study in liberal arts while Fad chose to study in applied education, which was accounting. They graduated in 2005 and All had many choices for a job because he studied the liberal arts education, so he had a broad type of education. However, Fad had only one choice for a job, which was to become an accountant, because he only had a narrow type of education. After a few years, All found his life was much more successful and comfortable. He could change his job because he had more knowledge, whereas Fad became unsatisfied with his life. He couldnt change his job because he only knew about accounting. I recommend that people consider studying liberal arts since it has many benefits compared to applied education. Also, you can get a better life when you choose a liberal arts education.

A Pair of Tickets Essay Example

A Pair of Tickets Essay Example A Pair of Tickets Paper A Pair of Tickets Paper Essay Topic: Literature In the short story A Pair of Tickets, by judging from the title one might think that this is a simple story more about adventure than anything else. In â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† The author Amy Tan uses a symbols to help us understand the theme the story. Family and Culture are the most important topic in this story therefore; it gives us a better understanding of the story. As stated in the context of the story â€Å"Jing-mei is on a train to China, traveling with her seventy-two-year-old father, Canning Woo. As the train enters Shenzhen, China, Jing-mei begins to feel Chinese. Their first stop will be Guangzhou. After her mothers death, a letter arrived from China from her mothers twin daughters from her first marriage. These were the two children whom she was forced to abandon on the side of the road On the hand, the internal conflict that the narrator faced while find her true identity is what helps to present the main theme of this story is ultimately love, the sacrifices that people make for love. The story takes place in china. The setting of this story is very important as it all revolts around the Chinese culture. One as a reader can be able to place oneself in the same situation and experience the feelings that are being presented in this story. The story is being told from a first person point of view. The narrator is Jing-Mei â€Å"June May† Woo. She is the 36-year old American born daughter of Suyuan a women who made the big decision which was to abandoned her twins, however she did it for love because at the time she thought she was going to die. June May is the one telling the story. We only know what the narrator thinks. We can only make inferences about the rest of the characters in the story by the way they behave. The narrator embarks an adventurous journey. Along the way she learns many things about her real roots she discovers things that she never knew before. This family is a very united family in the sense that they make decisions together and look out for each other. The author comes from a very family oriented kind of family and this reflects in â€Å"A Pair of Tickets†. This was all inside the main character in this story she has Chinese blood, she is discovering what she thought would be a new world yet, she is having an easy time coping with it. The way she was in America is different to the way she is in china. For instance when she is in the airport she is not wearing makeup. The sacrifices made for love between parent and child. Almost every character in this story made a scarified for love the main character for instance, tries to reconcile with her real roots and goes to china to carrying with her mother’s dreams of coming home. June may is going to meet her twin sisters something that her mother would of like her to do. June May is to meet the lost twins this reunion will fulfill Suyuan’s dream. She struggles to find her inner self yet she did it for love to her mother despite all the obstacles that she came across such as language and culture. In the end she understands and accepts the importance of her Chinese heritage. Another example is June May mothers she abandoned her twins because she knew they were going to be better without her because she thought she was going to die On the other hand, the family members at the hotel want to eat American food is ironical that while they are in china and June May might expect Chinese food they all want to order hamburgers and fries and this is the deciding they want to eat it not June May. She thinks that in china there are not places like that. Jing-mei is not sure of her heritage. She has been denying herself of any Chinese heritage that is that is in her, Americanizing herself as much as possible to avoid her real self. This trip to China surely change all that. At last, she realized things she never had before at her 36 years of age she has never felt so alive and fulfilled. While June May is exploring different aspects of China, she is forced to deal with the internal conflict of false impression of china, this is showed when she goes the hotel and is so luxurious. Americans think that they are the only ones that have certain things yet when you go to a less develop country you see that they have better things. It is the perfect American country that makes us believe that there is nothing better out there that we are the best of the best. The really is different and June May have to go to china to realized this to be true. The believes and assumptions that Americans carried are not realistic. When the story begins June May has a wrong image of what it means to be Chinese. It is one governed by American culture, stereotyping, and prejudice. As she learns of her mothers sacrifices and life, and she sees her Chinese family all that image starts to change. At the end she learned to understand and respect her family. In this story in not only June May that is discovering her heritage but also her father is reconnecting with his childhood in china. Finally, June May is not denying her roots she was just not exposed to it before but visiting china changed all that now June May knows what does it means to be Chinese. I wasn’t hard because it was inside her it was nothing that she had to go find because it was in her. This story show the importance of family and how the love that you get from your family is the most essential things that I human needs because it really helps to shape who you are and who you will become later on in life. In todays society peoples background are always being pushed to the background due to the pressures on people to conform and just be like everyone else. How she abandoned the twins and the words the author uses to describe this moment are very emotional. The story is thus very touching and realistic and that is due to the authors background growing up. Knowing the authors biography also help us see the story from another perspective. As a younger woman Amy Tan was very much like June May. Americans and Chinese are not only different because of the cultural background but also their values are very different than the one that American have. Amy was a Chinese girl growing up in a world where she was surrounded by Chinese and American influences. Many people have a hard time finding their true identify. Once you are born in one place and move or become citizen of a different place. You are considered that where you are is what others think you are. For instance, when I go to the Dominican republic I’m not considered what I am anymore I’m Dominican but they call me something different Dominican-York. It is hard because in this country I’m just Dominican and in my own country I’m just another Dominican-York. I belong nowhere anymore. I don’t belong here or there. In the beginning Jing-mei is not sure of her heritage. She has been denying herself of any Chinese heritage that is that is in her, Americanizing herself as much as possible to avoid her real self. This trip to China surely change all that. At last, she realized things she never had before at her 36 years of age she has never felt so alive and fulfilled. During the trip to China and while she spends time with her relatives Jing-mei begins to reflect on the Chinese side of her life. All her life she had fought her inner Chinese. All the series of events such as the death of her mother and meting her sister finally make May June Reinvent herself. In conclusion, the trip to china was changed June May’s life forever. She is not the same person after she leaves china now she wants to embrace her heritage

Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Essays

Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Essays Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Paper Chapter 4 checkpoint questions Paper Checkpoint Questions 1. Define histology: Histology is the study of tissues 2. List the four basic types of tissues in the body: a. Epithelial tissue b. Connective tissue c. Muscle tissue d. Neural tissue 3. List five important characteristics of epithelial tissue: a. The cells are bound closely together b. A free surface exposed to the environment or internal chamber/passageway c. Attachment to underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane d. The absence of blood vessels e. Continual regeneration of epithelial cells that are damaged or lost at the exposed surface 4. Identify four essential functions of epithelial tissue: a. Provide physical protection b. Control permeability c. Provide sensation d. Produce specialized secretions 5. Identify the three main types of epithelial intercellular connections: a. Tight junctions b. Gap junctions c. Desmosomes 6. What physiological functions are enhanced by the presence of microvilli or cilia on epithelial cells? The presence of microvilli on the free surface of epithelial cells greatly increases the surface area for absorption. Cilia function to move materials over the surface of epithelial cells. 7. Identify the three cell shapes characteristic of epithelial cells: a. Squamous: thin and flat b. Cuboidal: cube like c. Columnar: tall and slender 8. Using a light microscope, you examine a tissue and see a simple squamous epithelium on the outer surface. Can this be a sample of the skin surface? No. a simple squamous epithelium does not provide enough protection against infection, abrasion, and dehydration. The surface has a stratified squamous epithelium. 9. Name the two primary types of glandular epithelia: a. Endocrine glands b. Exocrine glands10. The secretory cells of sebaceous glands fill with secretions and then rupture, releasing their contents. Which mechanism of secretion occurs in sebaceous glands? Sebaceous glands exhibit holocrine secretions 11. A gland has no ducts to carry the glandular secretions, and the gland’s secretions are released directly into the extracellular fluid. Which type of gland is this? The endocrine gland 12. Identify several functions of connective tissues: a. Support and protection b. Transportation of materials c. Storage of energy reserves d. Defense of the body 13. List the three types of connective tissues: a. Connective tissue proper b. Fluid connective tissues c. Supporting connective tissues 14. Which type of connective tissue contains primarily triglycerides? Adipose tissue 15. Lack of vitamin C in the diet interferes with the ability of fibrocytes to produce collagen. What effect might this interference have on connective tissue? The reduced collagen production resulting from lack of vitamin C in the diet would cause connective tissue to be weak and prone to damage. 16. Which two types of connective tissue have a fluid matrix? a. Blood b. Lymph 17. Identify the two types of supporting connective tissue: a. Cartilage b. Bone 18. Why does cartilage heal so slowly? Cartilage heals so slowly because it has a lack of blood supply 19. Identify the four types of membranes found in the body: a. Mucous membrane b. Serous membrane c. Cutaneous membrane d. Synovial membrane 20. How does plasma (cell) membrane differ from a tissue level membrane? Plasma (cell) membranes are composed of lipid bilayers. Tissue membranes consist of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue 21. What is the function of fluids produced by serous membranes? The fluids reduce friction between the serous membranes that cover the surfaces of organs and the surrounding body cavity. 22. The lining of the nasal cavity is normally moist, contains numerous goblet cells, and rests on a layer of loose connective tissue. Which type of membrane is this? A mucous membrane 23. Identify the three types of muscle tissue in the body: a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle tissues 24. Voluntary control is restricted to which type of muscle tissue? Skeletal muscle tissue 25. Which type of muscle tissue has small, tapering cells with single nuclei and no obvious striations? Smooth muscle tissue 26. A tissue contains irregularly shaped cells with many fibrous projections, some several centimeters long. These are probably which type of cell? A neuron 27. Why are both skeletal muscle cells and axons also called fibers? They are both relatively long and slender. 28. Identify the two phases in the response to tissue injury: a. Inflammation b. Regeneration 29. What signs and symptoms are associated with inflammation? Swelling, warmth, redness, and pain. 30. What is fibrosis? Fibrosis is the permanent replacement of normal tissues by fibrous tissues. 31. Identify some age-related factors that affect tissue repair and structure: With advancing  age, the speed and effectiveness of tissue repair decrease, the rate of energy consumption in general declines, hormonal activity is altered, and other factors contribute to changes in structure and chemical composition.

The history of tequila in mexico Research Paper

The history of tequila in mexico - Research Paper Example Known as the tree of miracles, the Agave plant is the only source of Tequila drink (Earth Bar Magazine 1) where it takes about nine years for an agave plant to be ready for harvesting, processing, and distilling to make the Tequila drink. The history of Tequila in Mexico confirms that the drink is a symbol of cultural heritage with a cultural significance that supersedes the status of alcoholic beverage (James 1). The process that produces Tequila represents a cultural blend as it defines the indigenous Prehispanic culture of Jalisco, Mexico and the emergence of the Spanish distillation process (Festa 1). This marked a Spanish and Mexican cultural blend (James 1). This cultural blend has passed to the current generation where the production and consumption of Tequila in Mexico portrays a cultural blend. The ancient tribe of Mexico, the Aztecs, the Chichimecans, the Otomies, the Toltecan’s, and the Nahuatls who drank beverages made from the Agave plant initiated the history of the Tequila in Mexico (Earth Bar Magazine 1). Indeed, the Aztecs were the first people to ferment sap from the local agave plants that made Tequila in the pre-Hispanic times (La Cava del Tequila 1). On the other hand, the Nahuatl’s worshipped the Agave plant that made Tequila (Earth Bar Magazine 1). The blue agave plant that produces sugar that later forms Tequila is native to northwestern state of Jalisco (Earth Bar Magazine 1). The arrival of the Spaniards in Tequila, which is in a region of Techinchan in the old Aztec Empire and Jalisco state of Mexico, led to the introduction of the European influence on Tequila (Earth Bar Magazine 1). In the 1000 B.C the Mayan and Aztec leaders produced and consumed pulque, which was North Americas first known alcoholic beverage (La Cava del Tequila 1). The Mayan and Aztec leaders made the pulque drink from the fermented maguey plant’s sap (La Cava del Tequila 1). The

The Complexities of Love and Life- Connections in literature Essay

The Complexities of Love and Life- Connections in literature - Essay Example It is very difficult for a father to cry and they would often just take everything like funerals â€Å"in stride† but the mere fact that the father is visibly crying must have been such a moving scene. It is therefore a scene where one forgets about society’s conventions and just be true to one’s sentiments. The pain of the death of one’s child must have therefore been extraordinarily difficult even for a father. The mother is the same, her â€Å"angry tearless sighs† (13) indicating that she has no more tears to shed after perhaps crying terribly much. Moreover, the â€Å"hard blow† (6) and the fact that the boy is â€Å"paler† now (18) somehow illustrate both the painful and sentimental aspects of death. The boy must have been hit by a car and is now looking pale and lifeless. From the tears, one can see that this pain must have been extremely hard for the parents and the speaker to bear. In the same way, in Ransom’s poem, the imagery illustrates the pain of death, but rather in the form of vexation: â€Å"†¦we are ready/ In one house we are sternly stopped/ To say we are vexed at her brown study† (Ransom 17-19). This means that the people that the girl left behind may have been somehow pretending that she is still alive. Perhaps, they are too annoyed or â€Å"vexed† now because she remains stationary in her brown study or in hear dead state. Nevertheless, it is clear that the bereaved are merely in a state of denial, as they may still not be able to painfully digest the truth of their little girl’s death. Imagery of death and sadness also abounds in Robert West’s â€Å"Early snowdrops.† In the poem, after recounting the names of young people who died early in their lives, the speaker is worried about her own children for they might have an accident early and might die. In the poem, imagery denoting death includes the line â€Å"each day must stab with random

Gender in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example for Free

Gender in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Dramatic comedy originated in Ancient Greece in 5th century BC, centred around loose plot lines and exploiting certain situations through parody, farce and mockery. Comedy started developing in 4th Century BC where intricate plot lines were introduced, commonly based around love and romance and usually culminating in a satisfactory and happy resolution. This is much like the structure of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ as the play revolves around the growing relationships of both Jack and Gwendolen and Algernon and Cecily. Oscar Wilde has reversed the roles of gender in this play, the females are those who take the lead and are seen as the most dominant characters throughout – a very bizarre layout in a time period where men were seen as the head of the family and the most assertive figure. Lady Bracknell is the most domineering character throughout the play, and this a result of the eloquent and rather unnatural language she uses. She takes on the role of her husband in Act 1 when Jack asks for Gwendolen’s hand in marriage- â€Å"I feel obliged to tell you that you are not down on my list of eligible young men† this was often the father’s role. Throughout the conversation it is quite apparent that Lady Bracknell holds all the power, and Wilde does this through all the questions she asks. Additionally, her questioning seems rather irrelevant and ridiculous at times, she asks â€Å"Do you smoke?† to which Jack admits he does and Lady Bracknell replies â€Å"I am glad to hear it. A man should always have an occupation of some kind†. Here the addictive habit that Jack has taken up is being compared to a profession and is creating humour due to the nature of the question and how much apparent importance it holds. It seems as though Wilde is using Lady Bracknell to â€Å"mock those in authority† [1] by presenting her as a character with no real agenda to her long and painful questioning – other than to talk. In Act 3, Lady Bracknell makes another appearance, which only highlights her towering force in the play. She has come to Jack’s house in the country to retrieve Gwendolen and take her home and makes it quite clear that her husband does not know where Gwendolen really is â€Å"Her unhappy father is, I am glad to say, under the impression that she is attending a more than lengthy lecture by the University Extension Scheme on the influence of a  permanent income on Thought. I do not propose to undeceive him.† This would have been seen as quite unusual at a time where wives wouldn’t have gone behind their husband’s backs, thus reinforcing Lady Bracknell’s authoritative demeanour and leaving the audience amused. Furthermore, Wilde’s portrayals of both Gwendolen and Cecily run parallel to one another. They mirror each other and are the assertive half of their relationships with Jack and Algernon. This is first shown between Jack and Gwendolen when Jack proposes. Jack announces his love for Gwendolen and she in turn, offers it back. Jack then says â€Å"..I mean we must get married at once. There is no time to be lost.† To which Gwendolen replies â€Å"†¦But you haven’t proposed to me yet. Nothing has been said at all about marriage.† Gwendolen is taking control of the situation and is expressing what she desires for Jack to then grant her, her wishes. This is the same scene where Jack lies about his name once again to Gwendolen. â€Å"Selfishness and servility are the moral alternatives presented† – Katherine Worth. Gwendolen admits she could never love anyone with the name ‘Jack’ for â€Å"there is very little music in the name Ja ck†. This, to the audience seems rather pompous and shallow and is why it is humorous. And after all that Gwendolen has said, Jack does indeed go along with this though, and continues to call himself Ernest. In the scene where Cecily and Algernon first meet, Algernon also lies about his true identity – he introduces himself as Jack’s brother, Ernest. Whilst Cecily and Algernon are talking in the garden, Jack arrives home. He confides in Miss Prism and Chasuble that his younger brother ‘Ernest’ died in Paris of a severe chill. At this moment in time, the audience are taking great pleasure at the fact that they know something the characters do not – that Jack’s so called brother is in the garden. Afterwards, Cecily confesses to Algernon that they have been engaged for the past three months, and Algernon submissively accepts this to be both true and normal. This is the first indication of who the most assertive figure is in their relationship. The fact that Cecily writes to herself, on the behalf of ‘Ernest’ is rather ridiculous, and once again Algernon goes through with this. She continues on to tell him when their engagement was broken off, she  says â€Å"It would hardly have been a really serious engagement if it hadn’t have been broken off at least once. But I forgave you before the week was out† she talks about how their engagement wouldn’t have been ‘serious’, although it had never even happened and this displays marriage to be not all that serious in itself. In reply to this, Algernon thanks her for forgiving him – for something he did not do, â€Å"What a perfect angel you are Cecily.† This only highlights that he is inferior to her. When Cecily and Gwendolen meet each other at Jacks house in the country, a lot of confusion is caused for they both think they are engaged to the same man. But before they stumble across this realisation, they become ‘friends’ instantly Gwendolen says â€Å"..Something tells me that we are going to be great friends† to which Cecily replies â€Å"How nice have you to like me so much after we have known each other such a comparatively short amount of time.† The girls then find out they are ‘in competition’ with one another and their ‘friendship’ turns sour. This is comical due to the fact that just a few seconds ago they were very friendly and lovely to one another. When both Jack and Algernon approach and the matter is cleared up that neither one of them is ‘Ernest’ and that they have been lying to the women, Cecily and Gwendolen’s relationship takes a u-turn, not back to friendship, but to sisterhood. This was foreshadowed in Act 1 where Algernon says â€Å"Women only call themselves sister when they have called each other a lot of other things first†. Cecily and Gwendolen storm off into the house and Algernon and Jack cowardly hold back, where Algy begins to scoff the muffins and they start to blame one another for what just happened and it takes them a while before they approach the women in the house. However when they do it also doesn’t take long for both women to forgive them, they contradict themselves frequently in the process: Gwendolen – â€Å" But we will not speak first† Cecily – â€Å"Certainly not† Gwendolen – â€Å"Mr Worthing, I have something very particular to ask you. Much depends on your reply.† The irony of the situation is what is so amusing, the women cannot stay silent and wait for the men to speak, once again they have to be in control of the situation. However, the play began in â€Å"turmoil but (ended) in harmony† [2] as both couples were happily reunited. All throughout the play, women like to think they are the leaders and the superior, and on the surface they do appear to be, with their high demands being answered and always leading the conversations in which ever way they wish but at the end of the day, they always forgive or accept only what a man can offer, even if they demanded more. Bibliography: [1] Barbara Bleiman, Anna Sarchet and Lucy Webster: â€Å"Studying comedy† (2012) [2] Susan Snyder: â€Å"The Cambridge companion to Shakespeare† (2001)

Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts Essay -- essays research papers

Assignment III-B: Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts. In Belgium there is a different post mortem organ donation law than in The Netherlands, although they both have the same main purpose: they seek to increase the supply of donors. In Belgium it is presumed that each citizen has consented to the harvest of organs following death unless an objection to such a harvest was recorded, an opt-out system. Belgium combines presumed consent with a practice of inquiring into the wishes of the next of kin. One advantage of presumed consent is that there is no need to refer to drivers’ licenses or donor cards, which may not be carried at the relevant time. Another is that distraught family members do not need to make a positive decision to approve harvest. The patient has been able to record their objection, if any, during their lifetime, so the decision to do so will have rested with them and doctors are spared the difficult task of asking for consent. The decision whether or not to object was that of the patient made in a reasoned manner and cannot be overturned by family (1). In The Netherlands each citizen is given the opportunity to indicate whether or not they are willing to donate their organs in the event of their death, or whether they would prefer to leave the decision to their relatives, a full decision system. General consent may be given for the removal of organs and tissues, or one may withhold consent in relation to certain parts of the body. The Organ Donation Ac...

Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra

INTRO Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut caves of both these sites are world famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B. C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad; a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, `each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms.Al these have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves have the most exquisite detailed carvings on the walls, pillars and entrances as well as magnificent wall paintings. CONCLUSION In their range of time and treatments they provide a panorama of life in ancient India and are a source of all kinds of information†¦ air styles, ornaments, textiles, musical instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of classical Indian art that a particular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many parts of the world. Similar paintings can be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage made Ajanta possible. Professional artists carried out much of the work and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this monumental work.Visitors often ask how the artist who painted the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the dark interiors of the caves. It has been noticed that the caves are illuminated by natural light for part of the day and it is presumed that metal mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the inner recesses. PG1 The Ajanta Caves (Aji ha leni; Marathi: ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (20 °31? 56? N 75 °44? 44? E).Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi – Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India); and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers). They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves vary from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta consist of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument halls cut into the mountains in two phases. The monasteries are of various sizes the tallest being of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist teachings. They are mostly square shaped and projects didactic, devotional, and ornamental paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gautam Buddha, contemporary people, kings, slaves, flowers, plants, fruits, birds and beasts. There are also the figures of yakshas, kinneras (half human and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in several wall paintings and sculptures and also art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The 1st, 2nd, 16th and 17th caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First period This is a Buddhist community, comprising five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A first group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC: the chaitya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one: piers separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE – c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. [5] Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. [edit]Second period A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves' second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign o f Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas: monasteries with a sanctuary in the structure's rear centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. edit]Rediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collect ed over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since per ished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends.The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways: a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the ‘dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the ri ght walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. [edit]The facadeCave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the [edit]The porch The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously â€Å"wasted areas† were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beau ty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha's life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porch's rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. [edit]The hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. [edit]The paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 CAVE 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary excavation of pillared verandah exist. CAVE 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah and is datable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the largest monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door frame is exquisitely sculpted flanking to the right is carved Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight Great Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall preserves a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5,6,7-PG12,13 CAVE 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfinished one. However, the richly carved door frame, and female figures on makaras are important ones. CAVE 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, subsidiary cells and sanctum sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in both the shrines. The depiction of Miracle of Sravasti and Temptation of Mara are the imp ortant paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various attitudes and postures can also be noticed here. CAVE 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an oblong open hall with two small porticos supported by heavy octagonal pillars and eight cells. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. Other sculptural panels include Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha under the protection of Nagamuchalinda, etc.CAVE8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 CAVE 8 This is an unfinished monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the lowest level and perhaps earliest among the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept away by a landslide. CAVE 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, central hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on either side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa , the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inward tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fixing wooden beams ; rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during later period also as indicated by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. Inside the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dating back to the second half of 1st century B. C. and the alter to 5th – 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 – One of the earliest prayer hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let softly diffused sunlight in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. CAVE 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British Army Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the view point which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi inscription on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads ‘Vasithiputa Katahadiâ₠¬â„¢. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier dated to 2nd century B. C and the later 4th – 6th century A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The later period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 – Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. CAVE 11,12,13,14-PG 15, CAVE 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared verandah with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available h ere depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. CAVE 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by twelve cells arranged on three sides. An inscription on the back wall of the monastery records the gift of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically datable to 2nd – 1st century B. C. erhaps slightly later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated with chaitya window motifs above the door opening. CAVE 13 This is a small monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an astylar hall with seven cells on three sides. The cells are provided with rock-cut beds. CAVE 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was originally planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is beautifully depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar ha ll with eight cells, an antechamber, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings indicate that it was originally painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the excavations at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on three sides. The front wall had an inscription in shell characters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an inscription found here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the conversion of Nanda; Miracle of Sravasti; Maya’s dream; and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. Painted inscriptions can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a feudatory prince under Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a spacious hall surrounded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. The cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the ‘Wheel of Life’; flying apsara (to left of door), subjugation of Nalagiri (a wild elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into another cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gandhakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural grandeur of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable between A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the gift of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) cons ists of a hall with twelve pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillar’s restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. Trace of paintings are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 This monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctum sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be noticed here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, antechamber ; side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padasana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courtyard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 – 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddha’s penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper one partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24 Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra INTRO Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut caves of both these sites are world famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B. C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad; a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, `each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms.Al these have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves have the most exquisite detailed carvings on the walls, pillars and entrances as well as magnificent wall paintings. CONCLUSION In their range of time and treatments they provide a panorama of life in ancient India and are a source of all kinds of information†¦ air styles, ornaments, textiles, musical instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of classical Indian art that a particular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many parts of the world. Similar paintings can be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage made Ajanta possible. Professional artists carried out much of the work and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this monumental work.Visitors often ask how the artist who painted the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the dark interiors of the caves. It has been noticed that the caves are illuminated by natural light for part of the day and it is presumed that metal mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the inner recesses. PG1 The Ajanta Caves (Aji ha leni; Marathi: ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (20 °31? 56? N 75 °44? 44? E).Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi – Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India); and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers). They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves vary from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta consist of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument halls cut into the mountains in two phases. The monasteries are of various sizes the tallest being of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist teachings. They are mostly square shaped and projects didactic, devotional, and ornamental paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gautam Buddha, contemporary people, kings, slaves, flowers, plants, fruits, birds and beasts. There are also the figures of yakshas, kinneras (half human and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in several wall paintings and sculptures and also art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The 1st, 2nd, 16th and 17th caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First period This is a Buddhist community, comprising five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A first group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC: the chaitya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one: piers separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE – c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. [5] Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. [edit]Second period A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves' second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign o f Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas: monasteries with a sanctuary in the structure's rear centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. edit]Rediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collect ed over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since per ished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends.The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways: a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brighten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the ‘dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the ri ght walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. [edit]The facadeCave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the [edit]The porch The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously â€Å"wasted areas† were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beau ty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddha's life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porch's rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. [edit]The hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between. [edit]The paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 CAVE 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary excavation of pillared verandah exist. CAVE 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah and is datable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the largest monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door frame is exquisitely sculpted flanking to the right is carved Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight Great Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall preserves a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5,6,7-PG12,13 CAVE 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfinished one. However, the richly carved door frame, and female figures on makaras are important ones. CAVE 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, subsidiary cells and sanctum sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in both the shrines. The depiction of Miracle of Sravasti and Temptation of Mara are the imp ortant paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various attitudes and postures can also be noticed here. CAVE 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an oblong open hall with two small porticos supported by heavy octagonal pillars and eight cells. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. Other sculptural panels include Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha under the protection of Nagamuchalinda, etc.CAVE8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 CAVE 8 This is an unfinished monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the lowest level and perhaps earliest among the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept away by a landslide. CAVE 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, central hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on either side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa , the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inward tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fixing wooden beams ; rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during later period also as indicated by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. Inside the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dating back to the second half of 1st century B. C. and the alter to 5th – 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 – One of the earliest prayer hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let softly diffused sunlight in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. CAVE 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British Army Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the view point which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi inscription on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads ‘Vasithiputa Katahadiâ₠¬â„¢. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier dated to 2nd century B. C and the later 4th – 6th century A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The later period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 – Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. CAVE 11,12,13,14-PG 15, CAVE 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared verandah with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available h ere depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. CAVE 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by twelve cells arranged on three sides. An inscription on the back wall of the monastery records the gift of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically datable to 2nd – 1st century B. C. erhaps slightly later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated with chaitya window motifs above the door opening. CAVE 13 This is a small monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an astylar hall with seven cells on three sides. The cells are provided with rock-cut beds. CAVE 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was originally planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is beautifully depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar ha ll with eight cells, an antechamber, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings indicate that it was originally painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the excavations at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on three sides. The front wall had an inscription in shell characters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an inscription found here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the conversion of Nanda; Miracle of Sravasti; Maya’s dream; and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. Painted inscriptions can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a feudatory prince under Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a spacious hall surrounded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. The cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the ‘Wheel of Life’; flying apsara (to left of door), subjugation of Nalagiri (a wild elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into another cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gandhakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural grandeur of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable between A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the gift of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) cons ists of a hall with twelve pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillar’s restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. Trace of paintings are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 This monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctum sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be noticed here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, antechamber ; side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padasana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courtyard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 – 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddha’s penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper one partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24