Evaluation of Banking Competition between 2 countries Essay

Evaluation of Banking Competition between 2 countries - Essay Example This set of statistical methods aids in the instrumentation of a unique symmetric and unbiased estimator to calculate the central moment for a given distribution. For instance, the estimator h can be evaluated as: 1. Both the countries are members of the developed world. Sufficient data is available to carry out the required estimation over an extended period of time. For example, CL, NA, OBS, DEP, etc. were available for Antwerps Beroepskrediet (which is a Belgian cooperative bank) over the years 1998, 2001 and 2004. In the case of Denmark too, similar variety and quantity of critical data were available. 2. The countries are important members of the EU. Both of them share the compact regional economy of the Western Europe. Apart from availability of data, the Belgian and Danish banks are facing several challenges due to expansion of the EU. 3. Both the countries have advanced following the capitalist model of development. The geographical vicinity between them might have caused mutual influence and serious undercurrents in the bilateral relationships. In the sphere of analysis of banking competition, J. A. Bikker and J. W. B. Bos have eloquently remarked, â€Å"In observing trends, we distinguish original causes, subsequent changes in banking behavior and in the structure of financial markets, and final consequences, aware all the while, that this classification may be somewhat arbitrary.† (Bikker, J. A. and Bos, J. W. B., 2008) In this way, country specific banking behaviour can be put in correlation with financial markets which are profoundly influenced by the bond markets and the quantity of national assets. With the lapse of time, apart from qualitative analysis, quantitative methods too have emerged as tools of critical importance in modern financial research (McCrary, S. A., 2010). The Panzar-Rosse revenue test to estimate the competitive circumstances and parameters in the realm of banking depends on certain empirical

A clockwork orange Essay Example for Free

A clockwork orange Essay By the end of the novel Alex has changed as if by clockwork, because he cannot stop himself growing up into an adult and he knows that he will become one of the bullied people as the new youth are born, and if he has kids that they will go through the same process as he did, just like clockwork and he cannot stop it from happening: and nor would I be able to stop him. And nor would he be able to stop his own son, brothers. And so it would itty on to like the end of the world. After chapter two, he said I am a clockwork orange, this is because after Lodovicos technique, he had no free will because as he could not even protect himself from fights because whatever the doctors said he would do, in this sense he has become a machine, or a clockwork toy, like childrens toys, as this novel has many references to childrens things, which have been warped, like the milk with drugs in it, and now Alex being a clockwork toy. These attempts to change him failed because he had become a mechanism of the doctors, and change was forced upon him, but the final chapter of the book shows that people change and mature naturally from within, change cannot be forced upon them. The novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has a completely different structure to that of A Clockwork orange. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde there is the use of multiple narrators, instead of just the one. This tells us, that there was no voice for the people not in the higher class of society with the upper class only important, because all the narrators are all high-class people with well paid jobs, as seen by: Mr Utterson the lawyer this shows that Victorians had a very narrow view of society. This relates to Robert Louis Stevensons background because he was brought up in the upper middle classes of Edinburgh, he was raised as a Calvinist, in which the elect were the ones blessed by God, who turn out rich and the reprobates had a bad life, however Stevenson rebels against this and gives up law to become a writer, and he marries an already divorced woman with three children, he also by the final years of his life travels the world, this is why we only hear from Jekyll/Hyde in the last chapter, because Hyde represents rebellion , as Roberts life was very restricted, like Jekyll before he rebelled, but after he rebelled he was free like Hyde. Stevenson breaks the book apart in this way because at the time he wrote the book, society was disintegrating, as immigrants were coming to London bringing disease, religion was breaking apart because of science, crime was rising, and there was a huge division of classes, and Hyde in the novel is represented as foreign, as he is described as some damned juggernaut, which is a Indian religious statue which is carried through the streets not stopping even if people are crushed underneath it, portraying him a some sort of disease. The language of Jekyll represents that of the other narrators in the novel, because all of them are upper class men so they are expected to talk in a certain manner, as seen: But I have been pedantically exact, as you call it, this is quite a high class way of speech, and Jekyll is narrowed by this way of speech because he is high class. However in the final chapter, the language starts to change because he has to make a final decision about who to stay as, Jekyll, or Hyde, as he start to become scared, as when Jekyll starts to describe his transformation into Hyde the language becomes more fluent, fun, youthful language: Edward Hyde would pass away like a stain of breath upon a mirror However Jekylls speech was respectable, but with boundaries, and was very sharp and did not flow like Hydes. Jekyll enjoys evil in the form of Hyde, because in a way it gives Jekyll an opportunity to experience free life without having to be a lower class. He enjoys the life of Hyde more because it has no boundaries, and he feels free with it. In Jekylls normal life he is bounded by upper class rules so he has no passion, which he really wants. This resembles A Clockwork Orange, as the final chapter of A clockwork Orange, ends unhappily, because Alex has lost all his passion, and beauty, because of his changes in music: I was slooshying more like malenky romantic songs when he was small he was full of life when hearing Beethoven, and he has lost that as he has become older, his fun youth days have gone. This is like Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde because with Jekyll his class binds him, so he cannot be free and have wild fun, but when he is Hyde he is free and youthful: I was often plunged into a kind of wonder at my vicarious depravity, he is also younger, lighter, happier, and he gets a heady recklessness when Hyde. Stevenson is like Hyde in the sense that, Hyde is a figure of rebellion again the upper class boundaries, and Stevenson did exactly the same as he rebelled against Calvinist beliefs. He could also be seen like Jekyll, bounded because of his class, but Stevenson bounded by his illness, and all the time he wanted to break free, and finally he did, to become an individual, not held back by beliefs, or morals. This novel says that morals and classes cannot bind human nature, people have to become what they become, and there is no stopping that, because as people grow they will change, and rebel against beliefs, which they think, are wrong.

Sun Also Rises Essay -- essays research papers

The Lost of Self "One generation passeth away, the passage from Ecclesiates began, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever. The sun also ariseh†¦"(Baker 122). A Biblical reference forms the title of a novel by Ernest Hemingway during the 1920s, portraying the lives of the American expatriates living in Paris. His own experience in Paris has provided him the background for the novel as a depiction of the 'lost generation'. Hemingway's writing career began early; he edited the high school newspaper and, after graduation, got a job as reporter on a local newspaper. After that he was turned down by the Kansas City draft boards. He wanted to get to Europe and managed to there by volunteering as an ambulance driver. After being wounded, he recalled that life slid from him, "like you'd pull a silk handkerchief out of a pocket by a corner"(Villard 53), almost fluttered away, then returned. This was a period in his life when he became 'lost' and searched to overcome his own suffering and test his courage. His experiences in finding himself provided the background for The Sun Also Rises, which is one of the most famous novel ever written about the 'lost generation'. "It is Jake's narrative, his story, but behind Jake is Hemingway, the artist, manipulating the action"(Reynolds 73). Soon after the war, Hemingway married and he with his wife moved to Paris. There his bride gave him a letter of introduction to Gertrude Stein. When they met, she commented that "You are all a lost generation," a casual remark, yet one which became world famous after Hemingway used it as an epigraph to his first major novel, The Sun Also Rises. The term 'lost generation' means a great deal to Hemingway's readers. It reflects the attitudes of the interwar generation, especially those of the literatures produced by the young writers of the time. These writers believed that their lives and hopes had been shattered by the war. They had been led down by a glory trail to death not for noble, patriotic ideas, but for the greedy, materialistic gains of the power groups. In his novels "Hemingway recorded the changes in the moral atmospheric pressure. Home, family, church and family gave this war-wounded generation no moral support. The old values—love, honor, duty, truth—were bankrupted by a war that systematically killed off a gener... ...hough nothing could have any consequences"(Hemingway 155). The people immensely enjoy this rare freedom throughout the week. In conclusion, Hemingway, being a part of the lost generation, accurately reflected the values of the lost generation through the portrait of the characters in The Sun Also Rises. His experiences, which was considered to be reprobate at that time, provided him the basis for writing the novel. The behavior of the characters demonstrates their view of life, casting back to how World War I changed their values through demoralization. They lived an aimless and dissipating life. They had deep doubt of self that was projected through an unending pattern of debauchery. They tended to live in here and now, while future and past seemed remote and abstract. Their identities were through their lack of ambition and ego, with a desperation born of the fear of the truth. On the other hand, they test their courage by placing themselves in dangerous situations. These systems and values are illustrated through the depiction of the characters in The Sun Also Rises, "a sad story about smashed peop le whose lives are largely beyond their own control"(Reynolds 73).

Tungkol Sa Mga Manggagawang Mag-Aaral

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was born on March 27, 1845, in Lennop, a small town in the Rhineland of Germany. His father was a wealthy textile merchant, his mother was a Dutch lady born in Appledoorn, Holland. During his boyhood years Wilhelm already had a passion for experiments, but above all he loved nature. In school he was not very successful, not so much because of his performance but because of his behavior. He had trouble with his teachers, resisting their authority which finally led to his dismissal. Wilhelm ended his school years without any certificate. Because he wanted to pursue an academic career, he had to find another way to achieve his goal. A friend suggested the newly established Poly-Technical Institute in Zurich, Switzerland. There, he applied himself and easily earned a degree in mechanical engineering. He did not know what he wanted to do with this degree, so for awhile he did nothing. He caroused with his friends. It was during this time that he met Berthe Anna Ludwig, who later became his wife. He decided to continue with post-graduate studies with the encouragement of Dr. August Kuntz. By studying hard and concentrating on the task at hand, he was able to obtain a doctorate in physics with a thesis on gasses. When Dr. Kuntz accepted a position at the University of Wuerzburg, Germany, he persuaded Dr. Roentgen to go with him. In Wuerzburg he could not find work, so he tried his luck in two other cities. Eventually the Institute of Physics at the Wuerzburg University did offer him the coveted professorial chair, which he accepted, and in 1888 Professor Roentgen was elected Chancellor of the University. He taught during the day and spent many evenings experimenting in his lab. On the evening of November 8, 1895, while experimenting with electric current flow, using a spark conductor, he generated high voltages in a partially evacuated glass tube. The tube began to glow. He noticed that crystals of barium platino cyanide scattered on the table began to give off light when the tube glowed. An experienced researcher, he knew he was on to something. Further tests showed that paper, wood, aluminum and some other materials were transparent to these strange rays. Even at a distance of 2 meter the rays were still penetrating a wooden door. The professor realized that he was dealing with invisible electro-magnetic rays, which under certain conditions could stimulate certain materials to fluorescence. He exposed everything he could think of to these strange new rays, among them his weight box, a wire coil in a box and many different materials. He worked like a man possessed and he even slept in his lab. He found that lead glass is permeable to light but not to these rays, while wood stopped the light, but the rays passed through it. Then his thoughts turned towards bones. The bones seemed to screen the surrounding tissues. This monumental discovery enabled man to look inside the human body for the first time. Dr. Roentgen was uncertain of the nature of his findings, so he called this phenomena † X-Rays â€Å". He took a highly systematic approach to his studies and his experiments. He published a paper about the discovery and in December 1895 he held a demonstration with his first X-Ray pictures, along with one of his wife's hand. The discovery caused much excitement in scientific and medical communities throughout the world. Scientists in many countries started to experiment with these new rays, and progressive doctors very quickly used them as a diagnostic tool. A colleague, Dr. Kollicker, suggested in January 1896 to call these new rays after its discoverer. So it was done in Germany, a doctor orders a Roentgen picture, which is taken in the Roentgen Department of the hospital——- to this day. During the next decades it became obvious that X-Rays caused injury to various human tissue and to vision. Radioactivity was at that time not being related to these new rays. Many researchers developed radiation burns and cancer; more than 100 people died. These tragedies led to greater awareness of radiation hazards for health care workers. Early in the new century X-Ray equipment was being encased, and lead barriers and lead aprons were being introduced after the hazards became known. All this eventually led to a new branch of science: Radiobiology. In 1900 Professor Roentgen accepted a position at the University of Munich. One year later he received the first Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of X-Rays in Stockholm, Sweden. When his parents died, he inherited 2 million marks, which elevated him to the upper classes in the young German Empire. He traveled extensively with his wife to Italy and France, but most often they spent their vacation in Switzerland. He had fame and wealth and a feudal hunting lodge, but Dr. Roentgen was never really happy in Munich. He spent very little time furthering his research. Early in the century tuberculosis was still rampant. X-Ray examinations in mobile units throughout Germany detected the disease early and prevented it from spreading. Soon X-Rays were widely used in medicine, industry and cientific research. It became an important tool in the fight against cancer in the form of radiation therapy, along with surgery and chemotherapy. Today computer tomography is used in medicine and material testing. Since the 1960's X-Ray TV has enabled surgeons to monitor their operations. In the mid 70's micro-electronics entered the field of radiography. Today botanists use compute r tomography to examine trees for disease, and archaeologists to examine fossils, relics, artifacts and monuments. Dr. Roentgen once took an X-Ray picture of his gun. Perhaps he had a sense of things to come. One can hardly imagine airport security today without X-Rays. It is still the only devise that will detect an object of potential danger in luggage or on someone's person. X-Rays are not only generated here on earth; the universe has been full of X-Rays for billions of years. On June 1, 1990 an X-Ray satellite was launched to explore the structure and the developments of planets and the stars of the heavens. Dr. Roentgen's wife, Bertha, died in 1919 after a lengthy illness, during which he had virtually lived isolated in Munich. War and inflation had eroded his small fortune. Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen died four years later, on February 10, 1923 in Munich at the age of 78. His monumental discovery made a considerable contribution to the welfare of mankind. It also helps to unravel the secrets of nature he had loved so well. DISCOVERY OF XRAY. In late 1895, a German physicist, W. C. Roentgen was working with a cathode ray tube in his laboratory. He was working with tubes similar to our fluorescent light bulbs. He evacuated the tube of all air, filled it with a special gas, and passed a high electric voltage through it. When he did this, the tube would produce a fluorescent glow. Roentgen shielded the tube with heavy black paper, and found that a green colored fluorescent light could be seen coming from a screen setting a few feet away from the tube. He realized that he had produced a previously unknown â€Å"invisible light,† or ray, that was being emitted from the tube; a ray that was capable of passing through the heavy paper covering the tube. Through additional experiments, he also found that the new ray would pass through most substances casting shadows of solid objects on pieces of film. He named the new ray X-ray, because in mathematics â€Å"X† is used to indicated he unknown quantity. In his discovery Roentgen found that the X-ray would pass through the tissue of humans leaving the bones and metals visible. One of Roentgen’s first experiments late in 1895 was a film of his wife Bertha's hand with a ring on her finger (shown below on right). The news of Roentgen’s discovery spread quickly throughout the world. Scientists e verywhere could duplicate his experiment because the cathode tube was very well known during this period. In early 1896, X-rays were being utilized clinically in the United States for such things as bone fractures and gun shot wounds.

Pritur

PRITUR Market – aggregate of people who as individuals or organizations have needs or services and who have the ability, willingness and authority to purchase such products Marketing – is all about finding out what guests wants and needs are, then providing them at a reasonable cost and profit. Sales- is an important part of marketing. Difference between marketing and sales. Marketing focuses on the guests Sales it focuses on products Environmental analysis – means studying the economic social, political and technological influences that could affect the hospitality business. Focuses on: 1.Economic impact – should not be underestimated. 2. Social analysis – demographic is a part of social analysis and this is the profile of society includes: Age, sex, household, income, family size, occupation, religion, race and nationality. 3. Political analysis – the political analysis will affect the hospitality in a number of ways like: employment regist ration, minimum wage, health care, taxes on the benefit package, tax deduction, and no smoking laws. 4. Technological analysis – to make work faster and easier. 5. Competitor analysis – analysing the strength and weakness of your competitor. Marketing process: 1.Market planning – it is the planning process that yields the decision on a business unit can best compete in the market. 2. Market assessment – to determine if there is a need for a product or service in the market encloses its potential. 3. Market demand – 4. Competitive analysis – assessment the strength and weakness of the company. 5. Positioning – to occupy a specific place or position to the target market. 6. Market goals or objectives – an objective must be planned for each goal. Any form of a business has its own goal. 7. Marketing Needs – is the combination of elements that you will use to market your product.The four P`s of marketing: 1. The place â€⠀œ location. 2. The product – the needs and wants of the target market. 3. The promotion – it include the technique for communicating the products. Advertising – is any form of paid or non personal communication used by an identified sponsor to persuade or to inform certain audience about a product. Form of advertising: 1. Personal selling – form of sales. 2. Sales promotion – include offering inducements to buyers. 3. Public relation – include all communication aimed at increasing goodwill in the user communities. Publicity – is the organization communication with the public. * Packaging – is when organization combines two or more items or activities. * Programming – a complete program of events is planned. 4. People – are the important part of marketing mix. this is considered to be the key service component of the tourism industry. 8. Action Plan – it creates action plan based on the 4 P`s. 9. Performanc e evaluation – evaluating actual operations against expected performance is an ongoing process and lets an organization how well it has done compared with how well it said it would to. budget vs. Actual expenses, investigate variants, take corrective actions. Market segmentation – is the marketing process of dividing a market into distinct subsets that behave in the same way or have similar needs. 1. Business to business – involves selling of product with other agencies. 2. Business to consumer – involves the selling of product directly to the costumer. Niche market – also called as specialty market is can be categorized as a consumer or industrialized market.

Successful Writing of a Linguistics Term Paper

Successful Writing of a Linguistics Term Paper Writing a term paper is a difficult task for many students, especially during the first years of studying. Students tend to be frightened by the prospect of writing term papers because this type of work usually accounts for a large part of the semester grade. Thus, if a student wants to avoid the struggle and any doubts, he or she should consider the basic principles and guidelines for the successful performance of the work. To be more precise, checking the specific rules for writing a paper in a particular field should be the first step in the process. To help achieve the highest academic goals, this guide focuses on the practical principles for writing a linguistics term paper with ease and confidence. What Is a Linguistics Term Paper And How Does It DIffer from a Research Paper? A term paper in Linguistics is an original academic work that covers the specific topic with the consideration of relevant theoretical literature and empirical studies. The paper deals with a scientific study of either single or several languages. Linguistics term paper can be theoretical and empirical (practical). Depending on the chosen approach for the study, the structure and the content of a linguistics paper would differ. Furthermore, while some people tend to confuse a term paper and a research paper, there are several differences between them. A term paper contains a critical examination of a topic and the student’s opinion. In this type of work, a student is required to demonstrate a profound understanding of the topic and to present convincing arguments supported by credible scholarly sources. On the contrary, research papers are written to study a theoretical question which has not been researched effectively. A research paper may be more complicated because the writer is supposed to conduct research, provide the collected results, and to connect them to the analyzed academic literature. A term paper may also contain the parts of the research if the student considers the empirical approach of writing. Understanding the goal of a certain type of paper is one of the keys to proper writing. What Students Are Expected to Demonstrate in a Linguistics Term Paper: they have acquired proper knowledge in a particular field; they can choose a topic relevant and significant to the specific field; they learned how to collect, analyze, and use academic sources in a paper; they can make own conclusions based on the studied literature; that they can follow the principles of academic language and style. While writing, it is important to remember that the main goals of the term paper are to review information learned over an academic term and to develop a better understanding of a particular topic. How to Choose a Suitable Topic? The topic of the work can be assigned by the professor, or students can choose it by themselves. The second option is preferable because in that case, people study a subject that is interesting to them. Once the field of the study is identified, it is possible to start looking for a topic worth investigating. In choosing a topic, the most important aspect is to be specific and avoid generalization. For instance, if a writer chooses the branch of Stylistics, the bad example of the topic may sound like â€Å"Characteristics of Science Fiction.† Instead, a more sophisticated topic in that area suitable for the research may look like †Linguistic Aspects of Science Fiction Genre in Modern Literature.† Below are some other examples of good and bad topics to help you. Examples of good topics: The Interplay of American and British Versions of the English Language at Present Time; The Comparison of Linguistic Politeness of the Japanese and English Languages; The Use of Acronyms and Abbreviations in English Informal Communication; Word Formation in Slang Language of the U.S. College Students. These topics are specific and reflect the narrowed area of the chosen field. Examples of bad topics: Origins of the English Language; Why is Linguistics Important? Introduction to Translation; The Comparison of the English and Japanese Languages. These topics are too broad, meaning that it would be difficult to provide a comprehensive analysis of any of them in a paper. Moreover, some other things to consider when choosing a topic is the level of expertise in the particular area and the availability of the sources. If the subject is too difficult, it will be troublesome to finish the paper. Also, before starting to write on a chosen subject, it is necessary to determine whether there is enough information for the study. Students may begin by searching for the keywords and titles of the topic on the Internet search engines and then proceed to library databases. Structure of the Linguistics Term Paper as Explained by Our Writers As it has been discussed, the linguistics term paper can be theoretical and empirical. Most term papers are required to utilize both approaches to the study. Hence, below is provided the structure of an empirical term paper: Title Page (a title of the paper and students name); Table of Contents (a list of sections with page numbers); Introduction (description of the area of research, the question posed in the paper, the reason for the study, and a brief overview of the research); Theoretical Part (reflection on the literature studied for the paper and demonstration of an understanding of the major concepts of the area); Research Methodology (relation of the ways the data was collected and analyzed); Results (presentation of the findings based on the methodology); Discussion (interpretation of the findings and explain their significance); Conclusion (summary of the paper and statement of the answer to the posed question); List of References (a list of literature and other sources used for writing the paper). The introduction and theoretical part should not constitute a large part of the paper. These sections should account for less than half of the paper. The larger part of the text belongs to the remaining sections. The term paper incorporates most sections of the research paper, plus the theoretical part. If a paper must be completely theoretical, such sections of the research paper, as the methodology, results, and discussion can be removed. They can be replaced with a more elaborate investigation of relevant theoretical literature to reflect on the topic. Drafting the Outline The outline is an essential part of the writing process, especially when it comes to larger texts. Drafting an outline will help create a well-structured paper with a logical connection of ideas. While writing an outline, it is necessary to remember that is it based on the structure of the paper. Any outline contains the major elements of the essay, that is the introduction, body, and conclusions. Students should start planning with these three basic elements and then proceed to add more sections to the outline. The Theoretical Background For the theoretical part of the paper, the student is required to analyze and reflect on a great amount of information collected from a variety of sources. While writing this section, the student studies the articles from different specialized linguistic sources, such as the scientific journals, textbooks, and dictionaries. First of all, in the theoretical part, a writer should state the essence of the posed question or studies problem. Then, he or she needs to provide a theoretical framework of all components of the problem and analyze them from different perspectives. Next, discuss the research that has been already done on the problem. One of the important aspects of the theoretical part is presenting and explaining terminology relevant to the question. Finally, in case a term paper has an empirical part, a writer must state a hypothesis which will be supported with the data in the next sections. What to Include in the Methodology Section? An empirical study typically requires the section for methodology. In brief, this section states which method was used to acquire the data and how it was analyzed. Depending on the type of research, the methodology in a Linguistics paper may include the details about the subjects, materials, techniques, corpus, and the procedures of the research. The methods to use largely depend on the essence of the research. For instance, if the study includes human subjects, some useful methods for linguistic research would be a questionnaire, observation, and interview. The elements of the methodology section also depend on the type of data. Thus, in research which presupposes the use of subjects, it is important to characterize the chosen subjects (e.g., age, nationality), state the used materials (e.g., questionnaires), as well as to indicate the procedures (e.g., time, setting) of the specific ways the data was collected. For the research which is based on the study of corpora, students should describe the corpus design and briefly explain the reason for choosing it. Also, they should not forget to mention the problems that were encountered while collecting the data and show the way these hardships were managed. Finally, once these parts of the section are covered, it is necessary to state the process of the analysis and categorization of the collected data. The Main Points of the Results and Discussion Sections In the Results section, students must provide a detailed description of the findings that were discovered during the research. A convenient way to present quantitative data is by including graphs and tables. However, do not just include them without any explanation. Briefly discuss the material presented in the tables and graphs. In the Discussion section, writers usually give a summary of the results and connect the findings to the theoretical background. Finally, comes demonstration how the results help answer the questions and hypothesis stated in the paper. How to Find Sources? A good list of sources is one of the keys to the successful writing of the paper. Most relevant material appropriate for academic work can be found in research published in scholarly journals as well as textbooks, encyclopedias, and dictionaries. For instance, Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, Journal of Sociolinguistics, Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics, a variety of Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics. Probably, the primary source for searching information among most students is the Internet. Search for the keywords of the chosen topic online. It is useful not to search the whole Internet, but to consider specialized websites which collect scientific works and references to them. Below are some of the examples of such websites with either open or limited access to sources and references: journals.sagepub.com scholar.google.com books.google.com openlibrary.org researchgate.net ebsco.com worldcat.org If a paper considers corpus as the base for the research, the sources discussed above should serve as the secondary material. The primary material should be the actual linguistic data in the form of either written text or audio recordings. For example, let’s suppose that a task supposes corpora in the English language. In that case, some of the examples of available corpora which can be used as the primary material are: The British National Corpus; Corpus of Contemporary American English; The International Corpus of English. Many other websites for exploring English corpora can be found here. While the Internet is a good source for finding information, students should not forget to visit the college library to discover scientific literature. In addition, some schools provide access to various closed online libraries and databases, so do not hesitate to check if they contain any useful sources. Citation of Sources Many students struggle with citing the sources properly. An instructor may demand to write a term paper in a certain style, whether APA or MLA. Depending on the style, the citations can vary. All information and instructions on proper citation and referencing can be found on the Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab. Since the APA formatting is usually a preferable style for papers in linguistics, here are some of the examples of proper APA citations: Martin, J. R. (2009). Genre and language learning: A social semiotic perspective. Linguistics and Education, 20(1), 10-21. doi:10.1016/j.linged.2009.01.003. Radford, A., Atkinson, M., Britain, D., Clahsen, H., Spencer, A. (2010). Linguistics: An Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Also, do not forget about in-text citations and paraphrasing. Direct citations in APA style, require the page number. For example: â€Å"A central idea of Relevance Theory is that an utterance is relevant to a hearer when the hearer can gain positive cognitive effects from that utterance† (Radford et al., 2009, p. 399). What to Do Next? After finishing writing the paper, there should be no rush to submit it to the teacher. Many students tend to overlook various mistakes which can significantly decrease their grade for the term paper. Proofreading the paper is one the most important steps in the post-writing process. Sometimes, it may be difficult to notice minor mistakes in such a big text, so it is recommended to let somebody else proofread your term paper. Moreover, the presented ideas should be logically connected to make the general sense of the paper. To understand whether a paper is ready, these questions could challenge it: Is paper well-structured and properly divided into paragraphs? Does each paragraph have one main idea? Do all of the discussed ideas support my thesis? Are all ideas taken from the sources cited? Are all of my citations explained? Does paper have any grammatical, stylistic, or lexical mistakes? Does the paper correspond to the required formatting? Once all works in polishing the paper are finished, a writer can be proud of the final work. The stated above information should be kept in mind for writing the next papers.

Are You Utilizing Your LinkedIn Profile Sections

Are You Utilizing Your LinkedIn Profile Sections There many often-overlooked sections you should consider adding to your LinkedIn profile.  LinkedIn frequently adds new sections appropriate for special groups like artists and students, for activities like volunteerism, and for skills like languages. You might fall into one of these categories and be at a disadvantage to the artist who completed a portfolio; the student who completed the student section; or the volunteer with a robust Volunteering Causes section. Furthermore, you might be at a loss when attempting to include all the aspects of who you are into your profile unless you utilize some of these special sections. LinkedIn used to have a section called Specialties, and you might have it in your profile. Here’s a sample of what a Specialties section might look like (this person is a specialist in LinkedIn): (You might also simply list your specialties at the bottom of your Summary). Here is a sample of the more recently popularized section for listing your skills: Skills Expertise: But I already have a Specialties section Isnt Skills redundant? Should you fill out the Skills section even if you already have a Specialties section? YES! If you have a Specialties section (not everyone does, as explained above), then both the Specialties and Skills Expertise sections are important areas in which to list your keywords. Whether or not you have a Specialties section, the Skills Expertise section is your best opportunity to appear in searches conducted for people with your skills. The Specialties section gets searched when people do an Advanced Search, and the Skills Expertise section is searchable from https://www.linkedin.com/skills/ or from the Skills Expertise section of anyones profile (hover over one of the skills and click on it for a list of people in your network with that skill). To add the Skills Expertise section, go to Edit Profile and look to the right. You will have a list of sections Recommended for you. Chances are if you don’t have a Skills Expertise section, LinkedIn will recommend that you add one! If you do not complete these two sections (or at least the Skills Expertise section), you will lose a lot of leverage in LinkedIn searches. You also will not be able to get Endorsements if you do not have a Skills Expertise section. Endorsements can be used by recruiters to confirm that you have the skills you claim to have! Can I reorganize my sections? YES! LinkedIn made it possible to move your sections around. On your Edit Profile page, just click on the plus sign to the left of the section name and you can drag the section to wherever you want it. Are you utilizing the new LinkedIn profile features?   I’d love to hear your feedback on the difference adding these features makes for your LinkedIn profile. Save

Free sample - Bill of Rights. translation missing

Bill of Rights. Bill of RightsIntroduction Criminal justice and security system happens to be one of the largest industries in the United States of America. The historical development of the various law enforcement agencies and their jurisdiction has changed over the years in the years since the establishment of the first courts in the country. The law enforcement revolves around and tries to apply true methods of searching, arresting and interrogation that give individual rights. This essay will examine the various aspects of the criminal justice system and security including the objectives and challenges of law enforcement agencies, the roles of the federal, state, and local court systems, the objectives of the juvenile justice system, the roles of private security organizations with respect to both corporate and public protection and various solutions to the challenges that faces criminal justice organizations and security organizations. Federal court system This is sometimes referred to as the guardians of the constitution and they exist to fairly and impartially interpret and apply the laws, resolve the disputes and, most importantly protect the rights and liberties that are guaranteed by the constitution. These courts do not make the laws. It is the constitution that delegates making, amending and repealing the federal laws to the US congress (Government Printing Office) State court system The role of the state judiciary system is important to the operation of state government in general. These state courts interpret and apply state laws. They assist in resolving conflicts such as business disagreements and grievances that the citizens may have against each other. In addition, the state courts punish crimes that violate the state law. State courts are important because state most of the laws that affect the citizen on a daily basis are state and local laws and it is the responsibility of the state courts to interpret those laws. Roles of the court systems with respect to public safety and civil rights The courts interpret and apply the law when different parties are in dispute. In that way, courts take law out of the law books, and make it part of people’s lives. The courts apply the law to specific controversies that are brought before them. They resolve disputes between the individuals, companies and government unities.   Often, the courts are called on to uphold some limitations on the government. They protect against abuses by all government branches. They protect the minorities of various kinds from the majority, and protect the rights of citizens who are not able to protect themselves. They also embody the important notions of equal and fair The employment relationship under the American law is highly regulated by a complex, system of statues, administrative regulations and the judicial precedent at the federal, state and also at local level. The federal and state laws affects all the aspects of employment such as payment of wages, hiring of workers, compensation of overtime, workplace and general employee safety and employee discipline.   The court systems also interpret the in regard to employment based on gender, race, age, color and physical handicap (Government Printing Office). The roles of private security organizations   Few years ago, the term private security called to mind the image of the security guards with marginal qualifications for other functions who ended up accepting low wages. The private activities and policing have become complex and more important. The private security encompasses the occupations that range from the traditional security guards to the computer security experts and to the high ranking corporate vice presidents who are responsible for the planning and overseeing the safety and security at companies, industries and office complexes in the entire world. The olice image by Zeno from Fotolia.com private security in the United States has a reputation for being lax compared to the public security. Many areas need additional security to protect property as well as individuals. Private security companies provide services ranging from armed and the unarmed security to uniformed and the plainclothes security, from electronic surveillance to inspection of vehicles and bomb dete ction, and from personal protection to preparation for low and high security threat scenarios. Due to the attacks of September 2001, the law enforcement private security has been seen as critical to preventing terrorism and terrorism acts. Since the private sector owns and protects about 80 percent of the world’s infrastructure, while the local law enforcement often has threat information regarding the infrastructure, law enforcement-private security can put vital information into the hands of the people who are in need of it. Thus, to effectively protect the nation’s infrastructure, law enforcement and private security must work collaboratively because neither possesses the necessary resources to do so alone (Green G and Fischer J. 2004). The objectives of the juvenile justice system The juvenile courts have jurisdiction over the individuals under the age of 18 who engage in unlawful conduct, with certain exceptions. Unlike the adult courts, the juvenile proceeding is not a criminal proceeding designed to determine the criminal responsibility and punishment but it is a civil proceeding designed to protect the young people from the consequences of their own conduct, develop responsibility for the unlawful behavior, rehabilitate them and promotes public safety. Other objectives of juvenile courts include addressing the offending behavior, minimizing the penetration of young people into the Criminal Justice System, promoting the uniqueness of adolescents, providing more effective community based responses, delivering culturally appropriate responses and assisting in the development of the young person's self identity. The challenges facing criminal justice and security organizations and solutions Most law enforcement agencies and officers in the united state do not have access to the new technologies that are used to fight crimes hence they are hindered in their intelligence gathering operations. The criminal justice and security systems should make use of some organizations that provides the required criminal intelligence and the investigative support services. For instance they should work in hand with Regional Information Sharing System (RISS) which always serves as the invaluable tool to the Federal State and the Local law enforcement agencies. RISS may give the agencies the required resources that they need to discover and apprehend the potential crimes before they happen (Congressional Record). The criminal justice and security systems should possess basic understanding of the justice system, including policing, structure of the court system, the role of the prosecutor and judge and the system of law, identify and read any previous similar assessments, request, in advan ce the statistical and management reports. Some of these reports are found on the internet. The policymakers at government federal, state and local agencies should respond to United States country’s crime and safety concerns. They should however put in mind that it is more important to remember that the criminal issues in United States are multi-faceted, and that their respective responses towards the issues should be as well multi-faceted. The improvement of safety in the day-to-day lives of the residents of United States should be the responsibility of a wide range of justice agencies which are within the US country and not just law enforcement officials because the safety improvements facilitates the involvement of social service and public service providers, the federal and state officials, the youth workers, the residents of the tribal communities and tribal and non-American politicians. Also, they should meet with institutions, individuals, and professional and human rights organizations which are concerned with the issues that they may encounter on the mission of assessment, as well as the donors including embassies that provide bilateral assistance. These sources may provide some valuable background information for conducting thorough assessments as well as the invaluable in-country contacts. Finally, the systems should consider the use of research tools used in the assessment mission such as document study, interviews and focus groups (Siegel, 2009). Conclusion The society expects the courts to decide if people are guilty or not, sentence the guilty to punishment, interpret the laws made by the legislative, set the legal precedents, and to uphold the constitutional protections. References Government Printing Office. Congressional Record. Green G and Fischer J. (2004). Introduction to security. Butterworth-Heinemann. Siegel, l. J. (2009). Introduction to Criminal Justice. Cengage Learning.

Question Answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Question Answer - Essay Example They target both genders. Super bowl product category is beer, drinks, and snacks. Beer because its goes well with football. They can be able to get the latest brand and try it while watching the event. Snack is also a useful product for the case since they can take them while watching the game. Financial industry is not an adequate product category since people will be having fun, and they will not be having time for financial issues. Hence, they will not take it that serious. Autos too are not effect product since it runs all together in peoples mind (Hartmann and Klapper). Communications use some of the same purchase comparison metrics copy pretesting firms use, but gauges the ads effect on consumers who have seen them in the real world rather than forced viewing. The objective of the super bowl is to create product awareness to millions of people watching the event. There ads aims at reaching millions of people who are watching the game and make them join the new brand in the market by telling them about the positives of the product and the reason why they should not be left out. Direct sale cannot be the primary objective since it is not necessarily that the product will be brought at that particular time; it might take time before people can accept a new product. Active awareness means that the product has been on the market and as not been doing well hence trying to convince people that it is a real product. It will not be the place to convince them since you cannot convince them in a single day (Hartmann and Klapper). I do not think super bowl adverts are very efficient since it is one-day event, it will not capture people that much unlike TVs ads. In TV ads, people are repeated for sometimes making people know it better, hence want to try it. It is not effective too since its product category is limited to a particular product that go in line with the event hence it becomes bias. Creating brand awareness being primary

(Social Work) Late Adulthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

(Social Work) Late Adulthood - Essay Example These stages are the physical growth and development, cognitive growth and development and socio-emotional growth and development. That this group or stage of development is sensitive is a matter that scholars and theoreticians readily agree on. According to Erikson model of development, this stage of development can be split into four stages: the infancy stage which starts from childbirth to 18 months, the early childhood stage which begins from 18 months to 3 years, the play age, 3 to 5 years, and the school age, 6 to 12. Erik Erikson’s Model sees the infancy stage as the Oral Sensory Stage wherein the baby tends to feel the environment through the mouth. The importance of this stage is marked by the child either learning to trust or to mistrust, depending on the prevailing circumstances within the environment. At the same time, it is observed that passing successfully through this life’s stage is invitational of an inherent sense of hope and self-drive (Davenport, 19 94, 65). This is then followed by the early childhood age where the outcome of the ego development begins to take shape. It is in this period where the child either becomes courageous or ashamed. The same stage also sees the child develop the knack for making initiatives instead of being accosted by feelings of guilt, if the surroundings are conducive. In the play stage, the initiative vs. guilt plays out. If the child is for instance raised under the tutelage of caretakers or parents who criticise and castigate the child, it may be impossible for the child to gain traits such as purpose and determination (Butler and Hickman, 2011, 22). In the school age period, the child learns to either become industrious or inferior. Eventually, the child gets to become more methodological and competent. It is at this stage that children are able to learn, create and accomplish an array of new skills and knowledge, and thereby developing a sense of

Article Review of A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Alternative Device Essay

Article Review of A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Alternative Device Configurations for Aviation-Checked Baggage Security Screening - Essay Example The article is an evaluation of the technologies deployed in the explosive detection and their cost effectiveness, including possible future technologies. It considers both two-device and single-device systems and their associated annual operating costs. According to Jacobson et al (2005), the Federal Aviation Administration used the computer aided passenger prescreening system (CAPPS) in 1998 to determine which passengers to clear from being potential security risks and which not to clear. A cost model quantifying the expected yearly cost of screening various combinations of potential risks and non-risks was developed and analyzed, basing on data available before September 11, 2011. The article established that excess screening of non-risk EDS baggage increases annual costs but the security increase per dollar used on the exercise is marginal, as opposed to the significantly enhanced security when only high-risk EDS baggage is screened. In the article, the cost model is extended to integrate the effect of deterrence. The authors define deterrence as the effect screening more checked baggage has on the system’s threat level. Ideally, it is the reduction of threat levels in the system, and, depending on the apparent cost of terrorist occurrence, screening 100 percent checked baggage effectively deters terrorist activities. As described by the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA), attention directed towards high-risk and non-risk passengers are almost similar, since both ETDs and EDSs are used by the TSA to achieve 100 percent checked baggage screening. Deviating from previous work that concentrated on EDSs, a cost model is introduced by this article’s authors to measure the associated cost benefits of various configurations that involve both ETDs and EDSs. Additionally, they also introduce two alternatives; the dual energy backscatter (BACK) and XRAY machines, although they are currently not certified by the TSA. The data supporting the cost models is classified into probability, cost, time and volume parameters, which are random variables based on testing before a device is granted TSA certification. The probability of checked baggage containing a threat is evaluated by TSA personnel based on the perceived level of threat and changes according to intelligence information. TSA uses three factors in determining a security device’s effective lifetime. The device should become obsolete technically after certain years irrespective of usage and be replaced. Then it must wear out after prescribed years regardless of volumes handled, and after processing a prescribed volume, it must be replaced regardless of years of service. Technology distinguishes between a device alarm and system alarm in a multiple device system, where an alarm may be triggered by an object at any device within the system, or an alarm is triggered at every device along an objects path. The effectiveness of multiple device systems is that devic es provide a check for each other and an alarm is only given by the system if there is agreement in all devices in an object’s path. By the time of publishing the article, multiple device s

Smoking and Youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking and Youth - Essay Example This paper will provide the factors leading to excessive smoking addiction during adolescence, and various approaches that will help diminish this obsession. Adolescence is attracted to smoking owing to various factors.  Ã‚  One of the most prominent reasons why people start smoking at a very young age is the influence of their friends. In other words, peer pressure is the number one cause why teens would smoke.   Secondly, when a child grows up in an environment surrounded by smokers like if a father, uncle, aunt or cousins, smoke, chances of smoking is higher because smoking will appear as a normal activity to him.     In addition, youth today is exposed to television, beauty magazines where they see beautiful images of their favorite celebrities and models smoking, as a result, giving them the impression that it is something advisable, and enhances ones personality. However, once an individual starts tobacco consumption their reasons for smoking keep changing. It is a fact that once a child initiates smoking it becomes an addiction and it is not possible to quit that easily. When asked, the reason youth gave for smoking was either boredom or to relieve stress. Anxiety and stress is related to low self-esteem. Hence, one can say that low- self-respect could be one of the major reasons why youth smoke. Likewise, depression in youth is another important issue that should be considered when it comes to smoking, depressive symptoms seems evident in divorced parents or increased abusive behavior towards the child. In such circumstances, a child would be more inclined to smoking cigarettes to hide the pain and trauma. Hence, research shows the most important factors associated with under- age tobacco consumption is peer pressure, family environment that includes parents and siblings and most importantly low self-esteem.  Studies show that â€Å"each day, between 82,000 and 99,000 young people around the world start smoking†

Revolutionaries are the Best Ways to Effect Positive Change in Research Paper

Revolutionaries are the Best Ways to Effect Positive Change in Opressive Regimes When Human Rights are Violated - Research Paper Example Revolutionaries are the most effective means of effecting positive change in oppressive regimes. Examples of revolutionaries that succeeded in bringing positive change and ending injustices include American Revolution, French Revolution and Recent revolutions in Arab countries. Revolutionaries are the best ways to effect positive change in oppressive regimes when human rights are violated and injustices exist Introduction Revolutionaries are the best way to effect positive change under any oppressive regime. Revolutionaries are justified when citizens experience continued injustices and violation of basic human rights by the ruling government. Revolutionary refers to drastic change that occurs when citizens break laws in order to protest against government policies. Examples of revolutionaries that were precipitated by oppressive regimes include the Civil Rights Movements in the US and recent Arab World uprisings. Citizens engage in revolutionaries by refusing to pay taxes, damaging government property and civil protests that aim at blocking traffic flow in major highways. Revolutionaries occur when the oppressive regime blocks the channels of negotiation or when the government is not willing to address the problems affecting the citizens (Spielvogel, 2011). This paper will discuss the importance of revolutionaries in bringing positive change in oppressive regimes when citizens experience injustices and violation of fundamental human rights. John Locke (1632-1704) asserts that governments derive their authority from the people thus civil liberties of the citizens should be protected by the government (Grant, 1991). Citizens should engage in revolutions if the government violates their human rights and curtails freedom of expression. According to Locke, if regimes alter the laws in order to curtail the rights of individuals, the citizens are justified to protest and overthrow the government (Grant, 1991). The ruling regime should adhere to the social contract be tween the government and citizens. John Rawls asserts that civil liberties enable citizens to live harmonious in the society thus all individuals should be accorded equality in rights and freedoms (Grant, 1991). Government economic policies should not disadvantage of the minority or create inequalities in income and wealth distribution. Most of the Arab uprisings were occasioned by high income inequalities that created high unemployment and poor living conditions to the low income earners. The ruling regime should promote civil rights and minimize social classes in the society in order to promote the welfare of the whole society (Richards, 2004). Revolutionaries are the best method of affecting positive change when several minority groups encounter discrimination and injustices from the oppressive regimes. Such regimes are characterized by dictatorship rule, disrespect for humanity and lack of freedom of expression in the society (Spielvogel, 2011). For instance, President Mubarak v iolated Egyptian constitution by hindering the freedom of media and civil liberties of individuals who criticized government policies. In oppressive regimes, citizens have no economic and political power to change the ruling government. Oppressive regimes have total control of the media thus citizens should engage in mass civil protests and boycotts to effect positive change in the political leadership. For instance, Gaddafi’s oppressive regime targeted journalists who criticized or reported of atrocities that were committed on the

Smoking and Youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking and Youth - Essay Example This paper will provide the factors leading to excessive smoking addiction during adolescence, and various approaches that will help diminish this obsession. Adolescence is attracted to smoking owing to various factors.  Ã‚  One of the most prominent reasons why people start smoking at a very young age is the influence of their friends. In other words, peer pressure is the number one cause why teens would smoke.   Secondly, when a child grows up in an environment surrounded by smokers like if a father, uncle, aunt or cousins, smoke, chances of smoking is higher because smoking will appear as a normal activity to him.     In addition, youth today is exposed to television, beauty magazines where they see beautiful images of their favorite celebrities and models smoking, as a result, giving them the impression that it is something advisable, and enhances ones personality. However, once an individual starts tobacco consumption their reasons for smoking keep changing. It is a fact that once a child initiates smoking it becomes an addiction and it is not possible to quit that easily. When asked, the reason youth gave for smoking was either boredom or to relieve stress. Anxiety and stress is related to low self-esteem. Hence, one can say that low- self-respect could be one of the major reasons why youth smoke. Likewise, depression in youth is another important issue that should be considered when it comes to smoking, depressive symptoms seems evident in divorced parents or increased abusive behavior towards the child. In such circumstances, a child would be more inclined to smoking cigarettes to hide the pain and trauma. Hence, research shows the most important factors associated with under- age tobacco consumption is peer pressure, family environment that includes parents and siblings and most importantly low self-esteem.  Studies show that â€Å"each day, between 82,000 and 99,000 young people around the world start smoking†

Biography of Nikola Tesla Annotated Bibliography

Biography of Nikola Tesla - Annotated Bibliography Example Nikola Tesla’s parents had migrated from Serbia to Croatia. His father was a priest, philosopher, and poet. The mental training that Nikola’s father gave him by making him do mathematical calculations without using a pen or paper was his initiation into the field of science. And his mother had â€Å"come from a family of inventors†. Nikola also made his first invention when he was a child of age five when he made himself a fishing hook and caught frogs. When Nokola was seven years old, his family went back to Serbia. In the new town, he became an instant hero as he repaired a newly modeled firefighting equipment which had failed to function on its first demonstration before the public. After his school years, Tesla decided to become an electrical engineer and joined Graz Polytechnic Institute in Austria. During his studies, one of his professors had demonstrated a dynamo which can produce direct current electricity and which was invented by Thomas Alva Edison, in the class. After watching the functioning of a dynamo, when Tesla opined that it might be possible to create an alternate current manufacturing motor, his professor refuted this idea as impossible. After a while, with the support of his father, he joined the University of Prague. But after one term was over, he left this course also and joined the telegraph department. While walking in the city park with a friend, the design of the ac motor suddenly came to his mind like a flash of lightning.

The Compact Theory Essay Example for Free

The Compact Theory Essay Compact theory Regarding the Constitution of the United States of America, the compact theory holds that the nation was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is consequently a creation of the states. Consequently, states should be the final arbiters over whether the federal government had overstepped the limits of its authority as set forth in the compact. Contract theory studies how economic actors can and do construct contractual arrangements, generally in the presence of asymmetric information Kansas–Nebraska Act 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. Stephen Arnold Douglas was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Northern Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860. Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery Border Ruffian elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U. S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. Trent Affair was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War Battle of Antietam 1862 fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. Battle of Gettysburg 1863 on June 24, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led his Confederate Army across the Potomac River and headed towards Pennsylvania. Appomattox Court house is a courthouse in Appomattox, Virginia built in 1892. It is located in the middle of the state about three miles (5 km) northwest of the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, once known as Clover Hill home of the original Old Appomattox Court House. Robert Edward Lee (General Lee) was a career United States Army officer and combat engineer. Ulysses S. Grant (General Grant was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) as well as military commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods. John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry -was an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave evolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Thirteenth Amendment – was to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. Homestead Act- is one of two United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres of undeveloped federal land outside the original Thirteen Colonies. Morrill Land-Grant Acts- was a United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges, including the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Morrill Act of 1890. Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed in September 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North that arose following the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). Uncle Toms Cabin is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868 as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote on that citizens race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i. e. , slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. Reconstruction Era has two uses; the first covers the entire nation in the period 1865–1877 following the Civil War; the second one, used in this article, covers the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, with the reconstruction of state and society in the former Confederacy. The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks. Jim Crow laws- were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. Ku Klux Klan is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism.

Features and Functions of Information Systems

Features and Functions of Information Systems In this assignment I am going to describe the features and functions of an information system and demonstrate my knowledge in information systems and ability to use the skills necessary to produce management information (information to aid in decision making) I am required to know the features and functions of information systems and to be able to use IT tools to produce management information. In this assignment I am to use my own client. I am required to write a report for my client that uses some theoretical knowledge and spreadsheets from my client. In the assignment I must describe the features and functions of information system and explain the one I am using in my spreadsheet and why am I using it. I am to produce information from my clients system access and manipulate the data to present it in suitable formats to support organisational decision making. Describe the features and functions of information systems (P4) Features and functions of information systems (IS) There are various features of an information system and each of them has a specific function. Data is the most essential element in an information system. Raw details and figures of the company is known as data which is processed to make information. All the data have to be stored in the information system and processed in an accurate way. Data without being processed is of no purpose and use. Once it is processed it is called information which can then be used for required purposes in the system for gaining commercial advantage. The data which is obtained has to be reliable as the whole system will get corrupted if it comes from an unknown and devious source. The data has to be up to date and timely as there are updates and modernisation which happens frequently. For instance, Data can be about various things such as figures of the age groups, addresses and gender of clients. In an IS to obtain and capture data, it has to be collected from people. People can manipulate as well as help in making information for the system. For instance if data has to be collected about the number of cars people bought in a month it has to be collected from people. They are the main interpretation of information and chose what data to be entered into the system. For instance a person from the banking department can choose what all information to display in there IS. The same way there are different organisation which presents information depending on how it will benefit their company. A person can even be part of the information system if they are trained well to use the system accurately. People even play as the client and all data is collected from them for the flow of information. This data captured is then used for processing information which would help the organisation to know about the sales and finance of the company and analyse to improvise its systems. In an information system hardware is the computers used to store and collect information. Hardware is another essential feature of an information system for its functioning. The hardware should have large storage space to store the vast amount of data input into the system.   For small companies PCS can be enough but for larger companies they have to collect information from other sources so need to have internet access. So servers are connected to the system so that it provides internet for sharing information online via email. For safety purposes so that only the employees of the organisation can have access to the information servers such as intranet can also be used. So the hardware which would be used should be compatible to connect to the internet and transformation of data into information. The hardware used should even be easily accessible and up to date for functioning without any disruption to the IS. To build an information system a software have to be used. Along with the hardware the software is also essential as the main processing of data into information takes place in the software. Depending on the quires of the users the information has to be processed. The software used should have common features for building the system with causing minimum errors in the system. The software has to be compatible of processing vast amount of data. For instance any Microsoft program can be used to build a software, preferably Microsoft excel is used for financial stats and figures. In information system telecommunications play a vital role for the transfer of data and information using internet/intranet. It acts as the distribution of data from people to different organisations for the required queries. Mostly organisations prefer using intranet for more safety so that only the employees of the company can have access of the information being processed. As the information is on the internet it has to be shared on a reliable source. Apart from all the features of an information system it even has large amounts of functions. One function of the information system is the input. It is divided into two sub-parts. The function of the first part is that the input of detailed data is stored, processed and creates the base from the information system. The second sub- part of the input is that the user must also tell what kind of analyses they want from the IS. The input allows users to specify what they want from the output and analyse what must be done to make any changes. Sometimes this second sub function is hidden from the users and not always available. The second function is known as Storage handles all the data that is inputted into the information system. Everything stored is always in the highest detailed level so that it is accurate and easily accessible. There should be regular backups done so that in case of any error/virus, all the data stored is not lost. They should always be stored in different locations to avoid getting damaged by natural calamities. This storage has an impact on the original data storage as well as the backup data storage. The third function is processing which converts data into information. A simple process would be adding up all the products sold by a company by a variable such as the location, time and date of the store. Select information to support a business decision-making process (P6) In this part of the assignment I created quotes for a car insurance company called P.B Services Ltd. I created them by entering random peoples names, addresses, gender, cars bought, and ages, what kind of insurance they bought, if there is another driver who would use the vehicle and if they would receive any no claims discount or not. After I entered data I filed a quote for each person. Then the software which I used created quotes for their overall car insurance.   I did the same for around fifteen people. The prices differed for each person because the data entered was different. This information which I selected and created can be used for gaining commercial advantage as well as decision making. If this information collected is analysed the company would know how much insurance is paid by each person and how they could improve their service by adding any extra service and increasing the cost. This information would even be helpful to know the statistics and figures of the company.

Media and Plastic Surgery Essay -- Females Self Image Cause Effect Ess

Media and Plastic Surgery Images produced by the media will make people do almost anything to fit American standards of the perfect body. Plastic surgery offers a quick fix to help achieve this goal but no matter how much surgery nothing is perfect. Images produced by media, quick fixes and the outcome of the fixes are problems that women of all ages deal with. From the time of birth, images of physical perfection bombard young minds. When children are young their minds are fragile and mold to what they are taught. One of the first toys a young girl is given is a Barbie doll Girls are shown Barbie and parents tell the children that Barbie dolls are beautiful. So young girls are taught that Barbie is what a perfect female is. Eventually when the girls reach middle school they find Barbie what they still want to physically achieve but find talking about Barbie childish. So they turn to more life size Barbie dolls like Britney Spears and Destiny's Child. Teenage girls, who consider themselves individuals, all strive for the same goal to become what the opposite sex is attracted to. Teenage girls want to dress and look like young celebrities so they wear tons of makeup and dress in clothing that would have their great grandparents turning in their graves. Schools all over the country are taking the parents job by changing the dress code so that girls do not wear clothing that show their mid drifts and bare shoulders. Even when girls enter college they are still effected b...

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 10

It felt like a jellyfish sting. Mary-Lynnette kept her eyes shut and her face turned away as Rowan bit into her neck. She was thinking of the way the deer had screamed. But thepain wasn't so bad. It went away almost immediately. She could feel warmth at her neck as the bloodflowed, and, after a minute, a slight dizziness. A weakness. But the most Interesting thing was that allat once she seemed to have a new sense. She could sense Rowan's mind.It was like seeing, but withouteyes-and using different wavelengths than visual light. Rowan's mind-her presence-was warmred, like glowing embers in a campfire. It was alsofuzzy and rounded like a ball of hot gas floatingIn space. Is this what psychics mean when they talk aboutpeople having an aura? Then Rowan pulled back, and it was over. The new sense disappeared. Mary-Lynnette's fingers went automatically to herneck. She felt wetness there. A little tenderness. â€Å"Don't fool with it,† Rowan said, brushing at herlips with her thumb. â€Å"It'll go away in just a minute.† Mary-Lynnette blinked, feeling languid. She lookedover at Mark, who was being released by Kestrel. He looked okay, if a little dazed. She smiled at him'and he raised his eyebrows and shook his head slightly. I wonder what his mind looks like, Mary-Lynnettethought. Then she said, startled, â€Å"What are you doing?† Rowan had picked up a twig and was testing itsend for sharpness. â€Å"Every species has some substance that's harmfulto it,† she said. â€Å"Silver for werewolves, iron for witches†¦and wood for vampires. It's the onlything out here that will cut our skin,† she added. â€Å"I didn't mean that. I meantwhy, † Mary-Lynnettesaid, but she knew why already. She watched rednessbead in the wake of the twig as Rowan drew it across her wrist. Exchange blood, Rowan had said. Mary-Lynnette gulped. She didn't look at markand Kestrel. I'll do it first and then he'll see it's not so bad, shetold herself. I can do this, I can do this†¦. It's so wecan stayalive. Rowan was looking at her, offering her wrist. Copperbloodfear, Mary-Lynnette thought, feeling queasy. She shut her eyes and put her mouth to Rowan'swrist. Warmth. Well-being. And a taste not like copper, but like something rich and strange. Later, she'd al ways grope for ways to describe it, but she could onlythink of things like: well, a little bit like the way vanilla bean smells, and a little bit like the way silk feels, and a little bit like the way a waterfall looks. It was faintly sweet. Afterward, she felt as if she could run up mountains. â€Å"Oh, boy,† Mark said, sounding giddy. â€Å"If you could bottle that stuff, you'd make millions.† â€Å"It's been thought of before,† Kestrel said coolly. â€Å"Humans hunting us for our blood.† â€Å"Talk later,† Rowan said firmly. â€Å"Blood-tie now.† Kestrel's mind was gold. With brilliant knifelikeedges sending glitters in every direction. â€Å"Okay, Jade,† Rowan said. â€Å"Mark. Enough, you guys. Let go of each other now.† Mary-Lynnette saw that she was physically pullingMark and Jade apart. Mark was wearing a silly smile, and Mary-Lynnette felt the tiniest stab of envy. What would it be like to see the mind of somebody you were in love with? Jade's mind was silver and lacy, an intricate filigreed sphere like a Christmas ornament. And by the time Mary-Lynnette sat back from drinking Jade's blood, she felt light-headed and sparkling. As if she had a mountain stream in her veins. â€Å"All right,† Rowan said. â€Å"Now we share the sameblood.† She held out a hand, and Jade and Kestrel did the same. Mary-Lynnette glanced at Mark, then they each reached out, all their hands meeting like spokes in a wheel. â€Å"We promise to be kin to you, to protect and defend you always,† Rowan said. She nodded to Mary-Lynnette. â€Å"We promise to be kin to you,† Mary-Lynnetterepeated slowly. â€Å"To protect and defend you always.† â€Å"That's it,† Rowan said simply. â€Å"We're family.† Jade said, â€Å"Let's go home.† They had to finish burying Aunt Opal first. MaryLynnette watched as Rowan scattered pine needles over the grave. â€Å"You inherit our blood feuds, too,† Kestrel told Mary-Lynnette pleasantly. â€Å"Meaning you have to help us find out who killed her.† â€Å"I've been trying to do that all along.† They left the deer where it was. Rowan said,†There are already lots of scavengers around here. It won't be wasted.† Yep, that's life, Mary-Lynnette thought as they leftthe clearing. She glanced behind her-and for justan instant she thought she saw a shadow there anda glint of greenish-orange eyes at her own eye level. It was much too big for a coyote. She opened her mouth to tell the others †¦ and the shadow was gone. Did I imagine that? I think my eyes are goingfunny. Everything seems too bright. All her senses seemed changed-sharpened. Itmade it easier to get out of the woods than it had been getting in. Mark and Jade didn't walk hand inhand-that would have been impractical-but Jade looked back at him frequently. And when they got to rough spots, they helped each other. â€Å"You're happy, aren't you?† Mary-Lynnette said softly when she found herself beside Mark. He gave a startled, sheepish grin, white in the moonlight. â€Å"Yeah. I guess I am.† After a minute hesaid, â€Å"It's like-I don't know how to describe it, butit's like I belong with Jade. She reallysees me. I mean, not the outside stuff. She sees me inside,andshe likes me. Nobody else has ever done that .. .except you.† â€Å"I'm happy for you.† â€Å"Listen,† he said. â€Å"I think we should start looking around for you. There are lots of guys around here-â€Å" Mary-Lynnette snorted. â€Å"Mark. If I want to meeta guy, I'll meet a guy. I don't need any help.† He gave the sheepish grin again. â€Å"Sorry.† But Mary-Lynnette was thinking. Ofcourseshe'd like to find somebody who would accept her completely, who would share everything with her. That was everybody's dream. But for how many people did it come true? And there weren'tlots of guys around here†¦.She found herself thinking of Jeremy Lovett again. His dear brown eyes †¦ But she couldn't hold the picture. It kept dissolving–.to her horror-into eyes that flashed blue andgold and gray, depending on the way they caught the light. Oh, God,no. Ash was the last person who would understand her. And she didn't want to share a bus seat with him, much less her life. â€Å"What I want to know is who madeyou guys vam pires,† Mark said. They were sitting on oversize, overstuffed Victorian furniture in the living room at Burdock Farm. Rowan had a fire going in the fireplace. â€Å"Was it the old lady? Your aunt?† â€Å"It wasn't anybody,† Jade said, looking affronted.†We're not made vampires. We're the lamia.† She pronounced it LAY-mee-uh. Mark looked at her sideways. â€Å"Uh-huh. Andwhat's that?† â€Å"It's us. It's vampires that can have babies, and eat,and drink, and get old if we let ourselves, and livein families.Thebest kind of vampires.† â€Å"It's a race of vampires, basically,† Kestrel said.†Look, there are two different kinds of vampires, okay? The kind who start out as humans and are changed when a vampire bites them, and the kindthat are bornvampires. That's the kind we are. Our line goes back-well, let's say a long way.† â€Å"The longest,† Jade broke in again. â€Å"We're Redferns; we go back to prehistoric times.† Mary-Lynnette blinked. â€Å"But you three don't go back that far, do you?† she said nervously. Rowan stifled a laugh. â€Å"I'm nineteen; Kestrel's seventeen; Jade is sixteen. We haven't stopped aging yet.† Kestrel was looking at Mary-Lynnette. â€Å"How olddid our aunt look to you?†Ã¢â‚¬ Um, around seventy, seventy-five, I guess.† â€Å"When we last saw her she looked maybe forty,† Kestrel said. â€Å"That was ten years ago, when she left our island.† â€Å"But she'd actually been alive for seventy-four years at that point,† Rowan said. â€Å"That's what happens to us-if we stop holding off the aging process, it all catches up at once.† â€Å"Which if you've been alive for five or six hundredyears can be quite interesting,† Kestrel said dryly. Mary-Lynnette said, â€Å"So this island where youcome from-is that the Night World?† Rowan looked startled. â€Å"Oh, no, it's just a safe town. You know, a place where our people all live without any humans. Hunter Redfern founded itback in the sixteenth century so we'd have some where safe to live.† â€Å"The only problem,† Kestrel said, golden eyesglinting, â€Å"is that people there are still doing thingsthe way they did in the sixteenth century. Andthey made a rule that nobody couldleave-exceptfor some of the men and boys that they trusted completely.† Like Ash, I guess, Mary-Lynnette thought. Shewas about to say this, but Rowan was speakingagain. â€Å"So that's why we ran away. We didn't want tohave to get married when our father told us to. Wewanted to see the human world. We wanted-â€Å" â€Å"To eat junk food,† Jade caroled. â€Å"And read magazines and wear pants and watch TV.† â€Å"When Aunt Opal left the island, she didn't tell anybody where she was going-except me,† Rowan said. â€Å"She told me she was going to this little town called Briar Creek where her husband's family had built a house a hundred and fifty years ago.,,, Mary-Lynnette ran her fingers through the silky tassels of a forest-green pillow. â€Å"Okay, but-whereis the Night World, then?† â€Å"Oh†¦ it's not a place†¦.† Rowan looked uncertain. â€Å"This is-it's kind of hard to tell you, actually,† she said. â€Å"You're not even supposed to know it exists. The two very first laws of the Night World are that you never let a human find out about it †¦and that you never fall in love with a human.† â€Å"And Jade's breaking both this minute,† Kestrel murmured. Jade just looked pleased. â€Å"And the penalty for both is death-for everybody involved,† Rowan said. â€Å"But . . . you're family. Here goes.† She took a steadying breath. â€Å"The Night World is a sort of secret society. Not just of vampires. Of witches and werewolves and shape shifters, too. All the different kinds of Night People. We're everywhere.† Everywhere?Mary-Lynnette thought. It was an unnerving idea-but an interesting one. So therewas a whole world out there she'd never knownabout-a place to explore, as alien as the Androm eda galaxy. Mark didn't seem too disturbed by the thought of vampires everywhere. He was grinning at Jade, leaning with one elbow on the arm of the dark green couch. â€Å"So, can you read minds? Can you read my mind right now?† cats who have heard something theirhumanscan't. An instant later, though. Mary-Lynnette heard it, too. The sound of feet on the front porch–tap, tap,tap-asquick as that. And then a thud. â€Å"Hey, somebody'sout there,† Jade said, and before Mark could stop her, she was up and heading for the door. â€Å"Soulmates can read each other's minds without even trying,† Jade told Mark firmly. Soulmates †¦ Mary-Lynnette wanted to get on toa different subject. She felt uncomfortable, tingly. â€Å"I wish you'd stop saying that. What you have ismuch better than being soulmates,† Rowan was tell ing Jade. â€Å"With love you get to find out about aperson first. Being soulmates is involuntary-youdon't even have tolikethe person when you meetthem. They may be completely wrong for you inevery way-wrong species, wrong temperament, wrong age. But you know you'll never be completely happy again without them.† More and more tingly. Mary-Lynnette had to say something. â€Å"And what if thathappenedto you-if you found somebody and you were soulmates with them and you didn't want to be?† she asked Rowan. She realized that her voice was strange–thick. â€Å"Isn'tthere any way you could-get rid of it?† There was a pause. Mary-Lynnette saw everyoneturn to look at her. â€Å"I've never heard of one,† Rowan said slowly. Her brown eyes were searching Mary-Lynnette's. â€Å"But I guess you could ask a witch †¦ if you had that problem.† Mary-Lynnette swallowed. Rowan's eyes weregentle and friendly-and Mary-Lynnette felt a very strong need to talk to someone, someone who would understand. â€Å"Rowan She didn't get any further. Rowan, Kestrel, and Jade all looked suddenly toward the front door-like.

Demand and Supply

Medical advances can range from witching over to Electronic Record keeping, to the use of Tell-health. The need for this is as diverse as the products and services themselves. One of the options that are currently available is home care. As the baby boomer population ages, the elderly population will increase the demand for home health services due to financial and emotional factors. The continuum or availability of home care programs will be greatly needed in the present years to come. Supply & Demand Factors Many factors contribute to the demand and supply of healthcare products and services.The concept of demand versus supply In home health care can never be testified. No one health care facility can meet all the demands of medical services. As individuals are living longer and hospital admittance costs seems to increase while providing quality care seems to decrease, consumers are seeking to manage chronic illnesses within the comfort of their own home. As the population ages we are seeing many Individuals coming down with diseases that are either not curable or that has ran Its' course In the body and there Is nothing that can be done to prolong life.Hospice care Is palliative care given to Individuals who are terminally Ill, with an expected survival of six months or less. This is when this type of service is needed and many of individuals, especially the minorities do not know that these services exist either because they contribute this to high cost service or think that it is not covered by their insurance. Another factor contributing to an increase in demand for home healthcare services are advances in medical technology which make it possible to manage conditions in a home setting that would previously have required hospitalizing or the services of a skilled nursing facility.Consumers have easy access to home care services, they have a choice among providers, and consumers are currently selecting he best service based upon a variety of options. The r ange of those Interested In from moderate to severe. The many options available range from skilled nursing, Occupational [physical therapy, rehabilitative [social services and personal ODL assistance can be provided at within the confines on one's home. Home health care helps prevent the need for higher-cost care. Home health care helps prevent the need for higher-cost care.Hospitals can reduce the cost and save on providing medical treatment and equipment items such as; medical professionals' time, disposable syringes, catheters, and dressing changes and other supplies to treat the attain. â€Å"The problem in healthcare is that the consumer often pays little or nothing for services, despite the current reality of deductibles and co-payments. When this is the case, price stops being a factor in demand and demand increases to virtually unlimited levels† (Salesman, 2009, p. L).Economic Cost Nationally, the median hourly cost for homemaker services and home health aide services is $18 and $19, skilled nursing $40, TO & APT $65-$75; administrators, $32, directors $38. Nationally the median annual cost for care in an assisted living facility by comparison, is $39,600. Nationally, Private nursing homes medium annual sectional cost, over the past five years, rose 4. 3 percent annually to $81 ,030. While the average home-care visit costs Medicare $150 per visit. The average hospital stay costs Medicare $1500.Medicare expenditures in 2008 totaled $324 billion, slightly more than 2. 2% of gross domestic product (GAP). Medicare home health covers about 3. 3 million beneficiaries resulting in $16. 5 billion in total Medicare payments in 2008 (SMS, Data Compendium, 2009). Access and Supply Consumers have easy access to home care services, they have a choice among providers, and consumers are currently selecting the best service based upon a rarity of options. The range of those interested in home care is vast. Depending upon the situation, the need for services can range from moderate to severe.The many services that are available range from skilled nursing, Occupational [physical therapy, rehabilitative [social services and personal ODL assistance. Other services consist of transportation, medical equipment such as diagnostic and incontinence supplies, diapers, gloves, bed covers, commodes, wheel chairs, lifts, meal programs, etc. , can be provided all within the confines on one's home. Home health care helps prevent the need for higher-cost care. Most insurance's, such as Medicare and Medicaid, cover the costs of many home care services.Consumers can seek out services through the referral of a Physicians approval. Once approved, consumers can begin to enjoy the many services available to help themselves regain independence of their physical abilities. Services will last until consumer is able to remain in a residence with assistance of primary caregiver/support from community agencies. Conclusion The United States aging population will requ ire a lot more out of health care services than ever before, this is mainly due to the longer life span of the elderly with heroic illnesses. According to the U.S. Administration on Aging, by 2030 the number of Americans aged 65 and older will more than double to 71 million, that's roughly 20 percent of the U. S. Population. In some states, as much as a quarter of the population will be aged 65 and older. Being that health care is on the verge of change, the certainty that these services will still exist in the near future remains order to fulfill the demand of elderly services the supply of home care organizations needs to expand to accommodate physical emotional and financial factors of these nonusers.

Suicide and Adolescent Psychology

Adolescent Psychology is a difficult specialty within the field. Many of the normal phases of adolescent development look like pathologies, and perhaps would be classified as such if the patients were adults. Thus, it is difficult, even for a trained professional, to tell the difference between a true pathology, and a â€Å"normal† mood or personality pattern associated with adolescent development.An area where this deficiency can lead to grave circumstances is the realm of adolescent depression and suicide. Although true suicidal tendencies can be difficult to spot in adolescent behavior, timely identification and proper treatment are important goals of Adolescent psychologists. Although causal theories differ, the treatment of teen suicide attempts and depression is fairly consistent across adolescent theorists.Typical symptomology of suicidal tendencies in adults has several features. (Symptoms†¦2007) The underlying psychological cause of such ideations is usually depr ession. (Symptoms†¦2007) Symptoms of depression include sleeping pattern disruptions, feelings of low self-worth, loss of interest in pleasurable activities and lack of energy.(Symptoms†¦2007) One of the key indicators that a depressed adult is contemplating suicide is self-report. (Symptoms†¦2007) Often, adults are not treated for suicidal depression until after they had made an attempt on their own life. (Symptoms†¦2007)   Treatment for long-term depression in adults typically consists of medication and extensive therapy. (Symptoms†¦2007)They type and length of therapy is contingent on many factors. (Symptoms†¦2007) These include the specialty of the therapist, the diagnosed underlying condition, and the severity of the depressive state. Similarly, the medical regime for adults with suicidal depression varies as a function of the underlying psychological cause for the depression. (Symptoms†¦2007)Typical depressive mood disorders are treated wit h anti-depressants, while personality or perception disorders, which can lead to a secondary depressive condition, are better treated with medication targeted to the underlying disorder. (Symptoms†¦2007)As complicated as the diagnosis and treatment of suicidal depression is in adults, it is even more so in the adolescent population. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)   Suicide is the third-most common cause of death among individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)  There are large gender differences in accounting for teen suicide, but they are explained more by the methods used, than any particular predilection toward the act. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)   83% of adolescent suicides are males, whereas females make more attempts at suicide.(Teen Suicide†¦2005)   The discrepancy can be explained by the fact that males are far more likely to use a gun in their attempts, while the method of choice for females is pills. (Teen Suicide†¦2 005)   Of the two, the chances for success are much higher among those who use a gun. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)  According to the National institute of Mental health, successful suicides among adolescents number about 8 in 100,000. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)     Attempts at suicide are estimated to be much higher. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)The National Youth Violence Prevention Resource center found that about one in five teens think about suicide, one in six have actually planned for it, and one in twelve had attempted suicide in the past year(Teen Suicide†¦2005)   . As is the case with adults, most (about 90%) of adolescent suicide victims have an underlying mental disorder. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)One moder theory of suicide in adolescence is espoused by Dr. David Elkind. He posits that there is a gap between physical and psychological development, which causes stress in the adolescent. (Elkind, 1998) Dr. Elkind theorizes that teenagers, who are often treated as adu lts at home and in schools, are not as complete in their psychological development as they are in their physical development.(Elkind, 1998) This results, opines Dr. Elkind in a stressful dissonance that can lead to suicidal ideation. (Elkind, 1998)   Additionally, exposing an adolescent to adult-type stressors, such as deadlines, appointments and specific goal-driven activities can cause stress. (Elkind, 1998)   This stress can lead to depression and suicide. (Elkind, 1998)On the other side of the coin, Dr. Elkind believes that over scheduling a young child may leave him or her bored when the structure surrounding the child disappears in their teen years. (Elkind, 1998) This subsequent lack of direction can also lead to depression. (Elkind, 1998)This theory suggests a preventative viewpoint on teen suicide. (Elkind, 1998)   Once an adolescent articulates a desire for suicide, or makes the attempt, Dr. Elkind recommends the standard psychological treatment, and medication, if w arranted. (Elkind, 1998)A more environmental viewpoint is espoused by Dr. Bronfenbrenner. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.)   He views human development as an interaction between individuals and a system of bioecological systems. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.) He views any psychopathology, including teen depression or suicide as a dysfunction whose development is engendered by deficiencies in the mesosystem (immediate social surroundings) of the individual.(Paquette & Ryan, n.d.) This approach to development does not lend itself particularly well to the treatment phase of suicide in adolescents, rather, it offers a socially-constructed theory for the phenomenon. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.)Preventative â€Å"treatment† in this paradigm would consist of fostering a healthy, positive mesosystem around the individual, so that they might develop in a psychologically healthy manner. Again, one is forced to conclude that an already-depressed or suicidal teen would be best served by therapy and possibl e pharmaceutical remedies. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.)A more cognitive approach to adolescent behavior is espoused by Dr. Robert Selman. (Selman’s†¦2002) His theories, which are derived from those of Piaget, rely on modeling and other cognitive methods to explain behavior. (Selman’s†¦2002)As such, he would explain the phenomenon of adolescent suicide as a response to a social context where such behavior is observed to have a positive outcome. (Selman’s†¦2002) Rarely would the cues be direct, but cultural stimuli such as music, television, and movies could inadvertently (or blatantly) glamorize the practice of suicide, and compel an adolescent, especially one who already suffers from depression or some other psychological ailment to attempt suicide. (Selman’s†¦2002)  Of these theories, the one whose suggested treatment appears to be most effective is Selman’s. Cognitive therapy has been found to decrease repeated suicide attempts b y 50%. (Asher, 2005) While this particular study focused on adults, there is little reason to think that the results would be demonstrably different with adolescents.(Asher, 2005) Interestingly, the same cannot be said of pharmaceutical treatment options. (DeNoon, 2002) It has been shown that teens who take antidepressants actually have an increased rate of suicide than those who do not. (DeNoon, 2002) Recent evidence suggests, however, that the same studies prove that the conclusion drawn from the data was erroneous, as the scientists failed to control for other variables such as severity of the depression, and other factors.(DeNoon, 2002)   Despite these conflicting findings, or perhaps because of them, a therapist should be cautious about â€Å"throwing drugs at the problem† and dismissing a patient with a prescription. (DeNoon, 2002)   In addition to the pitfalls of possible adverse effects of the drugs themselves, this kind of treatment is far more vulnerable to nega tive outcomes hinged on misdiagnosis.(DeNoon, 2002)   If a closely monitored patient is found to have another type of disorder, to which depression is merely a secondary characteristic, that therapist can make the appropriate pharmacological and therapeutic revisions. (DeNoon, 2002)   If, on the other hand, an underlying condition is missed, and the patient dismissed with antidepressants, the results could be tragic. (DeNoon, 2002)Owing to the nature of serotonin-stimulating drugs, which most antidepressants are, an effect of a non-depressed person taking this medication is the onset of severe depression. (DeNoon, 2002)   This would result in the therapist causing the very symptoms he or she is attempting to relieve. (DeNoon, 2002)The main commonality of all of these perspectives is the need to monitor closely the disposition of the patient. The only way to differentiate true depression from a phasic anomaly of normal adolescent development is to observe the behavior and respo nses over a long period of time.For example, behavior that might be characterized as bipolar, buts of high energy and enthusiasm contrasted with lethargy and depression may be the normal reaction to hormone development in an adolescent. Without context, it is almost impossible to tell the difference Thus, the best preventative measure would be to treat any suicidal ideation as a serious symptom and have a therapist interact for a long period with the adolescent. ReferencesAsher, J. (2005). â€Å"Cognitive Therapy Reduces Repeat Suicide Attempts by 50 Percent.† Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from The National Institutes of Health (NIH) website: http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2005/nimh-02a.htm  DeNoon, D. (2002) â€Å"Teen Suicide, Antidepressant Link Questioned.† Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from WebMD website:http://www.webmd.com/depression/news/20041215/teen-suicide-antidepressant-link-questionedElkind, D. (1998) All Grown Up and No Place To Go. Peresus Publishing, Cam bridge, MA. Pp. 1-290.Paquette, D. & Ryan, J. (n.d.) â€Å"Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory.† Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from National-Louis University website:http://pt3.nl.edu/paquetteryanwebquest.pdfâ€Å"Selman's Five Stages of Perspective Taking,† (2002) Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from Everything-2 website:http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1275038â€Å"Symptoms of Depression†. (2007) retrieved October 28th, 2008 from Psychology 24Ãâ€"7 website:http://www.psychiatry24x7.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=depression_symptomsâ€Å"Teen Suicide Statistics.† (2005) retrieved October 28th, 2008 from Teen Depression website: http://www.teendepression.org/articles1.html